Instruments

What is X-Ray Spectroscopy? History of X-ray spectroscopy The history of X-ray spectroscopy dates back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with notable contributions from pioneering scientists. Here is an overview of the key milestones: The discoveries and advancements made by these scientists laid the foundation for X-ray spectroscopy and crystallography. Over the … Read more

What is Gel Filtration Chromatography? Phases in Gel Filtration Chromatography There are two main phases in gel filtration chromatography: the mobile phase and the stationary phase. In summary, gel filtration chromatography consists of two phases: the mobile phase (the solvent that transports the sample through the column) and the stationary phase (the gel-packed column that … Read more

What is Gel Permeation Chromatography? Gel Permeation Chromatography Principle The separation of components based on their molecular weight or size is the basis of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), also known as gel filtration or size exclusion chromatography. The method employs a stationary phase composed of a porous polymer matrix. The solvent that serves as the … Read more

What is Centrifugal force? Definition of Centrifugal force Centrifugal force is an outward fictitious force experienced by objects moving in a circular path, directed away from the center of rotation. Centrifugal force formula The centrifugal force can be calculated using different formulas depending on the available information. If the velocity (v) of the moving object … Read more

An Automated Cell Counter is a machine or device that is used to count the number of cells in a biological sample. It uses various technologies such as image analysis, impedance measurement, or fluorescence to accurately determine the number of cells present. The importance of cell counting lies in its widespread applications in the fields … Read more

Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis (CAE) is a method of separating charged molecules, including proteins, based on their charge and size. It uses a cellulose acetate sheet as a medium for separation, and an electrical current to move the molecules through the medium. The charged molecules are separated based on their migration rate through the cellulose acetate … Read more

A microtome is a scientific instrument used to cut very thin slices of material, typically for use in microscopy. The material being sliced can be a variety of things, including biological tissue, plant specimens, or materials for industrial or electronic purposes. The microtome works by holding the material in place and then moving a blade … Read more

A compound microscope is a class of optical or light microscope. I have already discussed about basics of a microscope on my previous note “Parts of Microscope with their Functions and Working Principle”, you can check them to get an idea about from which class compound microscope belongs and what is a microscope, and more. … Read more

What is Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)? Principle of Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) The principle of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) revolves around the separation of DNA fragments based on their size using an electric field. In conventional gel electrophoresis, small DNA fragments migrate more easily through the gel matrix than large fragments. However, when dealing … Read more

Fluorescence spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to examine the characteristics and interactions of molecules. It is founded on the idea that when a molecule absorbs a photon of light and becomes excited, it emits light at a longer wavelength, a phenomenon known as fluorescence. This emitted light can be collected and studied in order … Read more