Transmission of diseases is defined as the process by which an infectious agent is transferred from its natural habitat (reservoir) to a new susceptible host. It is the movement of pathogens from one individual to another or from environment to human. This process is an essential part of the chain of infection. Without transmission the … Read more
What is Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)? Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection of urinary system. It is affecting any part of the urinary system which includes bladder, urethra, ureters and kidneys. It is most frequently caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). It occurs more often in women than in men. UTI is … Read more
Rickettsia is a small, Gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium. It is the organism which can grow and multiply only inside the living host cell. It is highly specialized bacteria showing extreme genomic reduction. Due to this, many metabolic pathways are absent and the bacteria is unable to synthesize its own energy. It depends on the host … Read more
What is Endocrine System? Definition of Endocrine System The endocrine system is a network of glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood. It works in conjunction with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis and coordinate complex processes within the body. Structure of Endocrine … Read more
What is Synapse? Definition of Synapse A synapse is a junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell, such as a muscle cell, that allows for the transmission of electrical or chemical signals. It consists of a presynaptic terminal, a synaptic cleft, and a postsynaptic terminal, facilitating communication within the nervous … Read more
What is Muscle Cell? Definition of Muscle Cell A muscle cell, or myocyte, is a specialized animal cell designed for contraction, facilitated by organized motor proteins, primarily actin and myosin. These cells can be found in various forms, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues, each serving distinct functions within the body. Structure of Muscle … Read more
Urinary casts are small, cylinder-shaped, tube-shaped particles that can be detected by a microscopic analysis of urine. Casts are the only kidney-specific components discovered in the urine sediment. It is believed that Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein (uromodulin) released by renal tubular epithelial cells forms the fundamental matrix of all casts. Any components present in the tube filtrate, … Read more
The male reproductive system includes a number of hormones and organs that are involved in reproduction. These hormones and organs can be found either inside or outside of the pelvis. Organs of the Male Reproductive System External male reproductive structures: Internal male reproductive organs: External male reproductive structures The scrotum contains the testes, epididymides and … Read more
What is Ear? Definition of Ear The ear is a sensory organ responsible for hearing and maintaining balance in the body. It consists of the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear, and it converts sound waves into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. Anatomy of Ear – Structure of Ear The … Read more
What is Skeletal system? Definition of Skeletal system The skeletal system is the framework of bones, joints, and cartilages that provides support, protection, and facilitates movement in the human body. Types of Skeletal Systems There are three main types of skeletal systems found in different organisms: hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton. Each type of skeletal … Read more
