Avatar for Sourav Pan

Sourav Pan

Founder of Biology Notes Online, Biology & Microbiology Educator, M.Sc. in Microbiology
Expertise
Microbiology, Immunology, Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Botany, Zoology
Education
University of Calcutta
Profile Last Updated: August 10, 2026

Sourav Pan is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) degree and an M.Sc. in Microbiology from the University of Calcutta. He creates educational resources covering microbiology, immunology, biotechnology, genetics, cell biology, botany, zoology, and other life-science subjects.

His goal is to make complex biological concepts easier to understand through well-structured, student-friendly articles based on academic textbooks, peer-reviewed research, and authoritative scientific sources. In addition to writing new content, he regularly reviews and updates articles to improve their accuracy, clarity, and educational value.

Widal Test – Principle, Procedure, Result, Advantages, Limitation

Widal Test Principle, Procedure, Result, Advantages, Limitation

The Widal test is an agglutination test that determines any antibodies present in the patient’s serum that are generated against the causal agents of the enteric febrile illness (Salmonella Typhi, and Salmonella paratyphi B, A as well as C).

Types of Blood Collection Tubes and Their uses

Types of Blood Collection Tubes and Their uses

Evacuated Tubes that are used for blood collection for different laboratory tests are made up of tubes in variable sizes, and color-coded tops to indicate tube contents. The majority of blood collection tubes contain an ingredient that either speeds up the blood’s clotting (clot activator) or stops blood from becoming clot-free (anticoagulant). The following list lists the most frequently utilized blood collection tubes, along with their additives, and their uses in lab: