Gram Staining – Procedure, Principle, and Results
49 min read 
Gram-staining used to differentiate between Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria.
BNO Team
49 min read
Rothera’s test – Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result
10 min read 
Acetoacetic acid and acetone react with an alkaline solution of sodium nitroprusside to form a purple-colored complex. This method can detect above 1-5 mg/dl of acetoacetic acid and 10-20 mg/dl of acetone. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is not detected.
Electron Microscope – Principle, Types, Parts, Application, Diagram
33 min read 
An electron microscope is a type of microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of a sample. Electron microscopes have a higher resolution than optical microscopes, which use light to form an image, and can be used to observe objects that are too small to be seen with an optical microscope. … Read more
Bacillus cereus – Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenicity, Virulence Factors
22 min read 
Domain: Bacteria Phylum: “Firmicutes” Class: Bacilli Order: Bacillales Family: Bacillaceae Genus: Bacillus Species: B. cereus Definition of Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that produces toxins leading to foodborne illnesses. It can cause two main types of gastrointestinal disorders: emetic (vomiting) syndrome and diarrheal syndrome. This bacterium is commonly found in soil … Read more
Starch Casein Agar (SCA) – Composition, Principle, Preparation
0 revisions 16 min read 
Starch casein agar can be described as an nutrient-rich medium that is used for the cultivation and growth of the saccharolytic marine bacteria.
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell – Difference Between Plant and Animal Cell
10 min read 
The fact that they are both cells that are eukaryotic, meaning they have a real nucleus that is enclosed and separate from other organelles through a nuclear membrane is a key element which determines their ways of multiplication. They share the same reproduction process of meiosis and mitosis by using their DNA, which is stored in the cell’s nucleus.
Culture Media – Definition, Types, Composition, Use, Examples
30 min read 
When it comes to culturing bacteria, it is crucial to create the same environmental and nutritional conditions as those found in the natural environment. The majority of culture mediums contain water, which is a major source of carbon and energy and nitrogen. It also contains trace elements, as well as some growth factors. In addition, the pH as well as oxygen tension and Osmolarity must also be considered. Some of the components of media for culture include: Although tap water is appropriate for the use of culture media, it shouldn’t be used in the event that it contains a significant amounts of minerals. In these instances the use of demineralised or distillated water is recommended.
Simple Microscope – Definition, Principle, Parts, Uses
25 min read 
What is Simple Microscope? Definition of Simple Microscope A simple microscope is an optical device consisting of a single convex lens that magnifies objects by enlarging their image through light refraction. Principle of Simple Microscope Working Mechanism of Simple Microscope This ray diagram in below, explains how simple microscopes is working; Magnification of a simple … Read more
HPLC – Principle, Instrumentation, Types, Uses, Diagram
22 min read 
What is HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography)? Principle of HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) Instrumentation of HPLC High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a sophisticated analytical technique that relies on a precise set of instruments to achieve effective separation, detection, and analysis of chemical compounds. The key components of an HPLC system include the mobile phase reservoir, solvent … Read more
Microvilli – Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram
0 revisions 9 min read 
Microvilli are tiny, finger-like projections found on the surface of epithelial cells throughout the body, particularly in the small intestine. These structures significantly increase the surface area of the cells, enhancing their ability to absorb nutrients and other substances. The primary functions of microvilli include facilitating nutrient absorption, aiding in the process of fertilization, supporting … Read more