BNO Team 
0 revisions 15 min read 
Confocal microscopy offers some pretty cool perks compared to regular optical microscopes. For starters, it gives you a razor-thin focus depth, cuts out that annoying blurry background glow, and lets you snap crisp, detailed “slices” of thick samples—one after another. This makes it a go-to tool in biomedicine, especially for studying cells and tissues, whether … Read more
16 min read 
What is a Dissecting microscope or a Stereo microscope? A dissecting microscope—also known as a stereo microscope—is an optical microscope study apparatus that enables the observation of an object at low to moderate magnification (typically 5x to 250x) through reflective light versus transmitted light. Thus, it’s a microscope made for viewing little details that could … Read more
0 revisions 81 min read 
Designed to enlarge things too tiny for the human eye to see, a microscope is a tool. It provides a portal to the hidden world of minute structures, allowing medical practitioners, teachers, and researchers to examine materials, cells, and creatures in until unheard-of clarity. Microscopes range significantly in kind, from simple to very sophisticated models. … Read more
21 min read 
Culture medium refers to the nutrient-rich substance that is used in labs to culture microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. These materials, whether liquid or solid, provide the microbes with needed nutrients, minerals and other factors for growth and reproduction according to step-by-step reports from authoritative sources around the world. The late 19th century was … Read more
6 min read 
Culture Media Examples Components/Comments Primary Purpose Bile esculin agar (BEA) Nutrient agar base with ferric citrate. Hydrolysis of esculin by group D streptococci imparts a brown color to medium; sodium deoxycholate inhibits many bacteria. Differential isolation and presumptive identification of group D streptococci and enterococci Bile esculin azide agar with vancomycin Contains azide to inhibit … Read more
31 min read 
When it comes to culturing bacteria, it is crucial to create the same environmental and nutritional conditions as those found in the natural environment. The majority of culture mediums contain water, which is a major source of carbon and energy and nitrogen. It also contains trace elements, as well as some growth factors. In addition, the pH as well as oxygen tension and Osmolarity must also be considered. Some of the components of media for culture include: Although tap water is appropriate for the use of culture media, it shouldn’t be used in the event that it contains a significant amounts of minerals. In these instances the use of demineralised or distillated water is recommended.
23 min read 
Little, single-celled creatures living practically everywhere are bacteria. They’re prokaryotic, meaning they lack a real nucleus. They differ from eukaryotic cells in that they lack membrane-bound organelles. Shapes vary; spherical (cocci), rod-like (bacilli), spiral (spirilla), or comma-shaped (vibrios). Their survival in hostile environments depends on this diversity. Some twist like corkscrews, designated as spirochaetes. There … Read more
17 min read 
Benedict’s test is a chemical test that is used to test for the presence of reduced sugars within an analytical test. Thus, simple carbohydrates that contain an aldehyde or free ketone functional group are detected using this test. The test is basing itself upon Benedict’s Reagent (also called Benedict’s solution) which is a complex mix of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate, and the pentahydrate of copper(II) Sulfate.
24 min read 
What is Trinocular Microscope? Principle of Trinocular Microscope A trinocular microscope is similar to a binocular microscope but has an additional third eyepiece for a camera. It shines an LED light on the specimen and projects it onto a computer screen through a digital camera. The trinocular microscope is essentially a binocular microscope that focuses … Read more
22 min read 
What is Rickettsia? Small-sized intracellular bacteria with a 0.3 to 2 µm range make up the genus Rickettsia. Rickettsia’s tiny scale made it first confused as a virus. Having DNA and RNA as their genetic material, these bacteria reproduce via binary fission within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Gram-negative rickettsia bacteria abound in the digestive … Read more