BNO Team 
38 min read 
Animals, fungi and protists are composed of at least one eukaryotic cell. However archaea and bacteria are composed of only one prokaryotic cell. Plant cells differ from cells belonging to other organisms due to their cell walls, chloroplasts and the central vacuole.
13 min read 
Stroma, as a term in botany, refers to the transparent fluid that surrounds the grana inside the chloroplast. In the stroma, there are the grana (stacks of the thylakoid) and sub-organelles, or daughter cells in which photosynthesis begins prior to the chemical reactions being completed within the stroma.
12 min read 
Membranes are made up composed of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that are held together with the help of binding forces.
12 min read 
In the previous article we learned about cell structure and functions. Now in this article we will learn about Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Introduction Hey, if I told you, that you are surrounded by 100 trillion bacterial cells, would you believe? Yes, If you look closer than you will find trillions of bacterial cells on … Read more
22 min read 
Cell Structure and Functions Notes. Cells are the tiny units of life that emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago. Every living thing is made up of cells, starting from the blue whales to the archaebacteria that live inside volcanoes. Our body contains approximately 40 trillion (4×1013) cells (the human brain contains around … Read more
0 revisions 12 min read 
Bacterial transformation is a process wherein bacteria naturally modify their genetic makeup by incorporating foreign genetic material into their own genome. This phenomena has significant ramifications for health care, agriculture, and environmental science and has evolved into a fundamental genetic engineering tool. Scientists can create life-saving medications, alter crops for improved features, and speed up … Read more
0 revisions 68 min read 
What is Bacterial Growth Curve? Definition of Bacterial Growth Curve The bacterial growth curve is a graphical representation of the different phases of bacterial growth over time, including the lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase. Binary Fission of Bacteria – Understand the Bacterial Growth Requirements for Bacterial Growth Chemical or Nutrient Requirement … Read more
24 min read 
What is Archaebacteria? Definition of Archaebacteria Archaebacteria, also known as Archaea, are a group of single-celled microorganisms that belong to one of the three domains of life. They are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes in terms of their genetic, biochemical, and physiological characteristics. Archaebacteria are known for thriving in extreme environments such as hot springs, … Read more
0 revisions 26 min read 
What is Eubacteria? Definition of Eubacteria Eubacteria, also known as true bacteria, are prokaryotic microorganisms that belong to the domain Bacteria. They are single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus, with DNA organized in a single circular chromosome. Eubacteria can be gram-negative or gram-positive and have economic, agricultural, and medical significance. Examples include E. coli, Lactobacilli, and … Read more
0 revisions 34 min read 
What are Gram-negative bacteria? Gram-negative bacteria are a distinct group of bacteria that exhibit specific characteristics in terms of their cell structure and staining properties. These bacteria do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method, which is a common technique for differentiating bacteria. The key features of Gram-negative bacteria include … Read more