BNO Team 
12 min read 
Reverse transfection is a technique used in molecular biology to introduce a sample of RNA, DNA or protein into cells in culture. Instead of adding the reagents to the cells and allowing them to take them up (forward transfection), reverse transfection involves incubating the cells on a surface that is coated with the reagents. The … Read more
58 min read 
Learn all about the apoptosis pathway: its definition, functions, mechanism, and examples in this comprehensive guide. Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a crucial process for maintaining healthy cell turnover and eliminating damaged or abnormal cells. Understanding the various components and steps involved in the apoptosis pathway can provide valuable insights into diseases … Read more
47 min read 
What are Plasmids? Definition of Plasmids Plasmids are small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules found primarily in bacteria that can replicate independently of the main chromosomal DNA and often carry genes beneficial to the host organism, such as those conferring antibiotic resistance. Properties/Characteristics of Plasmids Bacterial plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA fragments that exist within bacterial cells. … Read more
14 min read 
Plasma Membrane Functions of Plasma Membrane Models of Plasma Membrane Following are descriptions of the top four historical Plasma Membrane models. The examples are: 1. Lipid and Lipid Bilayer Model 2. Unit Membrane Model (Protein-Lipid Bilayer-Protein) 3. Fluid Mosaic Model Modifications of Fluid Mosaic Model 1. Microvilli 2. Intercellular Spaces 3. Interdigitations 4. Desmosomes and … Read more
14 min read 
What is Peripheral Protein? Structure of Peripheral Proteins Several peripheral proteins are marked in the picture below. A peripheral protein doesn’t have a clear structure, but it does have a few important features that make it what it is. Example of Peripheral Proteins Alternative Oxidase Cytochrome c Type-II NADH Dehydrogenase Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Functions of Peripheral … Read more
9 min read 
What is Channel Protein? Types of Channel Protein There are present 2 types of channel protein such as; 1. Non-gated Channel 2. Gated Channel Structure of Channel Protein Function of Channel Protein Channel Proteins and Carrier Proteins Example of Channel Protein Chloride channel Potassium channel Calcium channel Sodium channel References
16 min read 
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of protein filaments found in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. It stretches from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane in eukaryotes and is composed of the same proteins in all organisms. It consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, all of which … Read more
11 min read 
Microtubules Definition (What are microtubules?) Occurrence of Microtubules Microtubules Structure Chemical Composition of Microtubules Intracellular Organization of Microtubules Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs) Microtubule Organizing Centres (MTOCs) Assembly and Disassembly of Microtubules Function of Microtubules Microtubules serve multiple purposes in eukaryotic cells, including the following: 1. Mechanical function 2. Morphogenesis 3. Cellular polarity and motility 4. Contraction … Read more
8 min read 
What are intermediate filaments? Types of intermediate filaments The intermediate filaments are extremely varied in terms of their biochemical properties, but can be classified into four major kinds based on their morphology and localization: 1. Type I IF proteins 2. Type II IF proteins 3. Type III IF proteins 4. Type IVIF proteins Characteristics of … Read more
14 min read 
What is Microfilaments? Definition of Microfilaments Microfilaments, or actin filaments, are slender protein fibers that form a vital part of a cell’s cytoskeleton, contributing to cell shape, movement, and structural support. Distribution of Microfilaments Chemical Composition of Microfilaments (Structure of Microfilaments) Associated Proteins with Microfilaments The proper formation and regulation of actin filaments, also known … Read more