What is Simple Microscope? Definition of Simple Microscope A simple microscope is an optical device consisting of a single convex lens that magnifies objects by enlarging their image through light refraction. Principle of Simple Microscope Working Mechanism of Simple Microscope This ray diagram in below, explains how simple microscopes is working; Magnification of a simple … Read more
What is pH Meter? A pH meter is a critical instrument used for measuring the acidity or alkalinity of aqueous solutions, quantified in terms of pH. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where a value of 7 denotes neutrality, values below 7 indicate acidity, and values above 7 denote alkalinity. This scale reflects … Read more
What is HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography)? Principle of HPLC (High-performance liquid chromatography) Instrumentation of HPLC High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a sophisticated analytical technique that relies on a precise set of instruments to achieve effective separation, detection, and analysis of chemical compounds. The key components of an HPLC system include the mobile phase reservoir, solvent … Read more
What is Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method for Total Carbohydrates? Objective of Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method Principle of Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method The principle of the Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method centers on the reaction of carbohydrates with strong acid and heat, leading to the production of detectable compounds. This method involves the breakdown of carbohydrates—such as simple sugars, oligosaccharides, or … Read more
What is Osazone Test? The Osazone test is a biochemical method used to identify reducing sugars. This test is also known as the Phenylhydrazine test, referring to the reagent employed in the procedure. It distinguishes reducing sugars based on the time it takes for the osazone complex to form. Carbohydrates, or sugars, are defined chemically … Read more
What is Most Probable Number (MPN) Test? Definition of Most Probable Number (MPN) Test The Most Probable Number (MPN) test is a statistical method used to estimate the concentration of microorganisms, particularly indicator organisms, in a sample by analyzing positive and negative reactions in a series of tests. It is commonly employed in water quality … Read more
Single Radial Immunodiffusion also referred to as Mancini technique is a quantitative immunodiffusion technique that is used to measure the antigen’s concentration by measuring the size of the precipitin-based ring created by the interaction between the antigen with the antibody at the optimal concentration. The antibody is embedded in the agarose gel, while the antigen is diffused into it in the form of a radiatal pattern.
What is Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test? Principle of Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test The principle of the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) test is based on the detection of antibodies produced in response to antigens released by damaged host cells during a syphilis infection. The RPR test is a macroscopic, non-treponemal flocculation card test that … Read more
What is Mantoux Test? Principle of Mantoux Test The Mantoux test operates on the principle of delayed-type hypersensitivity, specifically Type IV hypersensitivity. This test is designed to assess a person’s cell-mediated immunity against the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. To conduct this test, a substance known as Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) is used, which is essentially a … Read more
What is Neutralization Test? Principle of Neutralization The neutralization principle is based on the understanding that certain antibodies or antitoxins can reduce or neutralize the various biological effects caused by enzymes, toxins, and viruses. There are two main types of neutralization tests: In both types of neutralization tests, the goal is to assess the ability … Read more
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