Sourav Pan

Academic Writer, Microbiology Specialist | M.Sc. Microbiology, Calcutta University, Founder of Biologynotesonline.com

Sourav is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Master’s degree in Microbiology from Calcutta University and has over 5 years of experience in academic writing, life science content creation. His content reflects hands-on lab expertise, deep subject knowledge, and a strong passion for simplifying biology for students. Whether it’s genetics, microscopy, or metabolic pathways — Sourav explains it in a way that’s accurate, exam-focused, and easy to remember. He regularly updates and fact-checks all the material published on this site, ensuring students get trustworthy and updated biology notes with references to real scientific sources.

Centrifugal Force – Definition, Principle, Formula, Calculation, Examples

• Published on October 18, 2025 • 14 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Centrifugal force? Definition of Centrifugal force Centrifugal force is an outward fictitious force experienced by objects moving in a circular path, directed away from the center of rotation. Centrifugal force formula Centrifugal Force Formula refers as the mathematical relation which express the outward acting force on rotating body. It is generally written as … Read more

Automated Cell Counter – Principle, Types, and Applications

• Published on October 18, 2025 • 13 min readby Sourav Pan

Principle of Automated Cell Counter Types of Automated Cell Counters 1. Impedance-Based Cell Counters – This type of counter works on Coulter Principle, where the change in electrical resistance is measured when each cell passes by a small aperture. The cell suspension is flowed by electrolyte, and as the cells interrupt the current, the pulses … Read more

Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis – Definition, Principle, Operating Procedure, Uses

• Published on October 17, 2025 • 14 min readby Sourav Pan

Principle of Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis Materials Required for Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis Steps / Procedure of Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis Cellulose Acetate as Electrophoretic Support Matrix Application of Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis Advantages of Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis Limitation of Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis Comparisons with Gel or Capillary Electrophoresis FAQ on Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis

Compound Microscope – Principle, Parts, Diagram Definition, Application

• Published on October 17, 2025 • 24 min readby Sourav Pan

What is a Compound Microscope? 3D Model of Compound Microscope Working Principle of Compound Microscope Magnification Power of Compound Microscope The magnification power of compound microscope refers to ratio of size of final image to size of object seen by naked eye. It is obtained by multiplying magnification of objective lens and magnification of eyepiece … Read more

Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) – Definition, Types, Steps, Applications

• Published on October 17, 2025 • 10 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)? Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) is a method used for separation of very large DNA fragments by applying an electric field that periodically changes direction / switches among different electrodes, so that DNA pieces of differing sizes are reoriented and separated. (The technique allows resolution of DNA up to … Read more

Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

• Published on October 16, 2025 • 8 min readby Sourav Pan

Fluorescence Spectroscopy is an analytical method that studies the fluorescence emitted by a sample when it is excited by light (often UV or visible). Principle of Fluorescence Spectroscopy Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy in inorganic chemistry Special fluorimetric applications

Water bath – Principle, Types, Parts, Operating Procedure, Uses

• Published on October 16, 2025 • 21 min readby Sourav Pan

What is a Water Bath? A Laboratory Water Bath can define as equipment used for maintaining constant temperature condition for samples during experiment or incubation process. It is basically consist of container filled with water, which heated to desired temperature and samples are placed inside for uniform heating purpose. The principle of operation based on … Read more

Autoclave – Definition, Principle, Parts, and Uses Explained

• Published on October 15, 2025 • 43 min readby Sourav Pan

Autoclave - Definition, Principle, Parts, Operating Procedure, Uses

What is an autoclave? An autoclave is a device that is used for sterilization / disinfection by means of steam under pressure, and it is found in hospitals, labs, industry. Items are placed in a chamber where they are exposed to high-pressure saturated steam (commonly 121 °C for 15–20 minutes) so that microbes and spores … Read more

Genetic variation – Definition, Types, Causes, Examples

• Published on October 15, 2025 • 15 min readby Sourav Pan

What is genetic variation? Genetic variation is the differences that are found in the DNA sequences among individuals of the same species. It’s what makes every organism a bit different from others even they belong to same population. Inside populations, variation is mostly caused by mutations, recombination / crossing over (during meiosis), and sometimes by … Read more

Artificial Selection – Theory, Types, Advantages, Examples

• Published on October 14, 2025 • 24 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Artificial Selection? Artificial selection is a process by which humans are intentionally choosing certain organisms / traits for reproduction, it has been used for centuries actually even before the mechanism of genes was understood properly. In artificial selection, individuals that show desirable features (like color, yield, behavior etc.) are allowed to breed, while … Read more