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Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.

Giardia intestinalis – Morphology, Life Cycle, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment

21 min readby
Giardia duodenalis (Giardia lamblia or Giardia intestinalis)

What is Giardia Intestinalis? Classification of Giardia Intestinalis Domain: Eukaryota Phylum: Metamonada Order: Diplomonadida Family: Hexamitidae Genus: Giardia Species: G. duodenalis History and Distribution of Giardia Intestinalis Giardia intestinalis has a long and significant history as one of the earliest recognized protozoan parasites affecting humans. Its study has evolved over the centuries, revealing important aspects of its distribution … Read more

Entamoeba Histolytica – Morphology, Life Cycle, Prevalence, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment

0 revisions 26 min readby
Entamoeba Histolytica Life Cycle, Transmission, Disease, Diagnosis, Treatment

Entamoeba histolytica can be described as an anaerobic parasite amoebozoan that is part of the Genus Entamoeba. It is a major cause of infection for humans and other primates , causing amoebiasis. E. histolytica is estimated to affect between 35 and 50 million people across the globe.

Host-Parasite Interactions – Definition, Types, Mechanism, Examples

0 revisions 32 min readby
Host-Parasite Interactions

What is Host-Parasite Interactions? Types of Hosts In parasitology, hosts play vital roles in the life cycle of parasites. Each type of host has a specific function that contributes to the survival and development of the parasite. Understanding these types helps in comprehending how parasites interact with their hosts and spread diseases. Below are the … Read more

Homeostasis – Definition, Mechanism, Types, Importance, Examples

21 min readby
Homeostasis - Definition, Mechanism, Types, Importance, Examples

What is Homeostasis? Definition of Homeostasis Homeostasis is the process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes, ensuring optimal functioning of physiological systems. This involves regulating various parameters such as temperature, pH, and ion concentrations through feedback mechanisms that include receptors, control centers, and effectors. Components and Process of Homeostasis … Read more

Endocrine System – Definition, Structure, Primary and Secondary glands

24 min readby
Endocrine System - Definition, Classification, Functions and Endocrine glands

What is Endocrine System? Definition of Endocrine System The endocrine system is a network of glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood. It works in conjunction with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis and coordinate complex processes within the body. Structure of Endocrine … Read more

Thymus Gland – Definition, Structure, Location, Hormones, Functions

28 min readby
Anatomy of the Thymus

What is Thymus Gland? Definition of Thymus Gland The thymus gland is an important organ of the lymphatic system located in the chest behind the breastbone. It plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of immune cells known as T cells, which are essential for the body’s immune response. The thymus gland is … Read more

Hypothalamus – Definition, Structure, Functions

19 min readby
Hypothalamus

What is Hypothalamus? Definition of Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is a small but crucial part of the vertebrate brain located beneath the thalamus. It regulates various physiological functions, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and circadian rhythms, by linking the nervous system to the endocrine system through the pituitary gland. Additionally, it plays a role in controlling … Read more

Synapse – Definition, Structure, Principles, Types & Function

0 revisions 25 min readby
Synapse - Definition, Parts, Types & Function

What is Synapse? Definition of Synapse A synapse is a junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell, such as a muscle cell, that allows for the transmission of electrical or chemical signals. It consists of a presynaptic terminal, a synaptic cleft, and a postsynaptic terminal, facilitating communication within the nervous … Read more

Neuron – Definition, Structure, Types, Functions

0 revisions 52 min readby
Neuron Anatomy

What is Neuron? Definition of Neuron A neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. How Do Neurons Work? Neurons communicate through a combination of electrical impulses and chemical signals, ensuring efficient information transfer throughout the body. By facilitating the rapid transmission of … Read more

Nervous System – Definition, Parts, Functions

0 revisions 29 min readby
Nervous System - Definition, Parts, Functions

What is Nervous System? Definition of Nervous System The nervous system is a complex network of cells and tissues that coordinates and regulates the activities of an organism by transmitting electrical signals between different parts of the body. Cells of the Nervous System Neurones Glial Cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells Nervous System Structure and … Read more

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