BNO Team 
8 min read 
Virulence Definition Virulence define the intensity of a pathogen to cause disease. The Virulence varies among different microbial species. Virulence enables the microorganism to carry a specific character which can damage the tissue of the host cell. Virulence helps the microorganism to better survive its residency in the host. The virulence property of an organism varies … Read more
13 min read 
The Davson Danielli model (or the paucimolecular model) was an illustration that depicts the membrane in cells. It was developed in the year 1935 by Hugh Davson and James Danielli The model is a bilayer of phospholipids which is located within two layers of protein globular. the model is trilaminar as well as lipoproteinous.
4 min read 
Mesosomes and chondrioids are foldable into invaginations of the plasma membranes of bacteria. They are made through chemical fixation techniques that are used to prepare samples for electron microscopy.
25 min read 
Lysosomes are membranous, spherical sacs that are made up of enzymes. They are acidic hydrolase enzymes that are capable of digesting cellular macromolecules. The membrane of the lysosome helps keep its internal compartments acidic, and also separates the digestion enzymes and the cells’ other components. Lysosome enzymes are created by the proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum , which is then enclosed in vesicles created by the Golgi system. Lysosomes are created by budding out of in the Golgi complex.
9 min read 
What are Inclusion Bodies? Inclusion bodies are thick in size, spherical and aggregated proteins typically found inside the cells of protokaryotes thanks to the overexpression of heterologous proteins. Inclusion bodies comprise small particles that are freely suspended and floating in the cell wall. This is why they are also known as inclusions of the cytoplasm. … Read more
24 min read 
The Nucleoid (meaning it’s like a nucleus) is an irregularly-shaped part of the prokaryotic cell which is home to all or most part of the gene material. The chromosome of a protokaryote is circular and its length is big in comparison to cell dimensions, which is why it has to be compressed to be able to fit. Contrary to the nucleus in a prokaryotic cell, it’s not protected by the nuclear membrane.
26 min read 
Chromosomes are a collection of tightly coiled DNA that are located in the nucleus of virtually every cell of our body. Humans possess 23 chromosome pairs.
7 min read 
A chromosome disorder, also known as Chromosome Abnormalities is caused by an alteration in the size or the structure of chromosomes.
8 min read 
What is Cell Signaling? Three Stages of Cell Signaling Cell signalling can be defined simply as the creation of a “signal” by a single cell. The target cell then receives this signal. In actuality, signal transduction is stated to involve three phases: Types of Cell Signaling Pathways Cell signalling plays a crucial role in enabling … Read more
6 min read 
What is Cyclic AMP pathway? Synthesis of Cyclic AMP Cyclic AMP pathway Functions of Cyclic AMP References