Page 7 – Biology Notes Online

Nanoparticle-Assisted PCR (nanoPCR) – Definition, Principle, Steps, Applications

• Published on September 21, 2025 • 10 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Nanoparticle-Assisted PCR (nanoPCR)? Working Principle of Nanoparticle-Assisted PCR (nanoPCR) The nanoPCR method is introduced with nanoparticles (NPs) being added into a conventional PCR mixture which contains template DNA, primers, DNA polymerase, dNTPs, and buffer. With optimal NP size (often <100 nm) and concentration being selected, thermal conductivity is enhanced by NPs which accelerates … Read more

Types of PCR with Definition, Principle, and Uses

• Last Updated September 21, 2025 • 10 revisions • 51 min readby Sourav Pan

Types of PCR Here is the list of Types of PCR based on different categories; 1. Conventional PCR 2. High-fidelity PCR 3. Hot-Start PCR 4. Fast-cycling PCR 5. Touch down (TD) PCR 6. Real-Time PCR (qPCR) 7. Digital PCR (dPCR) 8. High-Resolution Melt (HRM) PCR 9. Reverse-Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) 10. RT-qPCR – Real-time quantitative reverse transcription … Read more

What is the Importance of Microbiology in Nursing?

• Published on August 13, 2025 • 7 min readby Sourav Pan

Microbiology in nursing is the scientific study of microscopic organisms such as bacteria, virus, fungi and protozoa that impact human health in clinical and community care. it deals with how these microbes grow, spread, and survive, also how nurses can prevent or control infections. this knowledge is used daily in patient care, wound dressing, vaccination … Read more

Microbial degradation of cellulose – Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms

• Last Updated August 12, 2025 • 14 revisions • 37 min readby Editorial Team

What is cellulose? (C6H10O5)n Cellulose Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass 162.1406 g/mol Density 1.5 g/cm³ Appears White powder Melting Point 260–270 °C Properties of cellulose Structure of cellulose What are cellulases? Cellulases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose, a complex polysaccharide present in plant cell walls. These enzymes are largely produced … Read more

Western Blot – Steps, Principle, Result, Applications

• Last Updated July 24, 2025 • 9 revisions • 25 min readby Sourav Pan

In molecular biology Western blotting is a rapid and sensitive assay for detection and characterization of proteins. This technique exploits the inherent specificity of antigen-antibody interaction to identify specific antigens by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.

Organic Waste Recycling – Definition, Characteristics, Methods, Steps, Significance

• Edited by Sourav Pan • Last Updated July 15, 2025 • 4 revisions • 12 min readby Editorial Team

Organic waste adds to greenhouse gas emissions, soil and water contamination, and other environmental problems. Composting, anaerobic digestion, and vermicomposting are among the methods that can be used to manage organic waste. What is Organic waste? Organic waste refers to any waste material that originates from living organisms or their byproducts. This waste can be … Read more

Microbial Degradation of Lignin – Microorganisms, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms, Challenges

• Edited by Sourav Pan • Last Updated July 15, 2025 • 2 revisions • 15 min readby Editorial Team

What is lignin? Lignin is a complex, high-molecular-weight polymer made mostly of phenolic compounds. It is found in the cell walls of vascular plants, especially in the secondary cell wall during the development of xylem, phloem fibres, and sclerenchyma cells, which give the plant strength, support, and waterproofing. It is made up of three main … Read more

Brucella Agar – Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses

• Edited by Sourav Pan • Last Updated July 31, 2025 • 5 revisions • 14 min readby Editorial Team

Brucella is an intracellular parasite which causes epizootic abortions for animals, and septicemic febrile disease or localized infections of tissues, bones or organ systems of humans. Brucella species are very meticulous and require a rich nutrient environment to develop. Additionally, Brucella species are highly infectious, and therefore extreme caution should be exercised when handling.

Brucella – Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment

• Last Updated July 11, 2025 • 6 revisions • 24 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Brucella? Scientific classification of Brucella Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Pseudomonadota Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Hyphomicrobiales Family: Brucellaceae Genus: BrucellaMeyer and Shaw 1920 (Approved Lists 1980) Characteristics of Brucella Geographical Distribution of Brucellosis Habitat of Brucella Classification of Brucella Species: The genus Brucella comprises both classical and novel species, with some formerly classified under the genus … Read more

Staphylococcus aureus – Habitat, Morphology, Characteristics, Infection

• Last Updated July 14, 2025 • 5 revisions • 26 min readby Sourav Pan

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram‑positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium, usually found in clusters that resemble grapes and typically 0.5–1µm in diameter. Harbor, as a commensal organism, in the human nasal passages, skin, and mucous membranes of 20–30% of people without causing disease It is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a wide range of infections—from simple … Read more