BNO Team 
12 min read 
Here in this article, I will share a list of the Best Books on Virology. Under virology, you will study about Nature and Properties of Viruses, Bacteriophages, Viral Transmission, the Salient features of viral nucleic acids and Replication, Viruses and Cancer, Prevention & control of viral diseases, Applications of Virology. Here is the list of … Read more
5 min read 
In this article, I will share a list of top and best books on Microbial Physiology and Metabolism. In this paper, you will study about Microbial Growth and Effect of Environment on Microbial Growth, Nutrient uptake and Transport, Chemoheterotrophic Metabolism – Aerobic Respiration, Chemoheterotrophic Metabolism- Anaerobic respiration and fermentation, Chemolithotrophic and Phototrophic Metabolism, Nitrogen Metabolism. … Read more
24 min read 
The main purpose of simple staining is to determine the cell shape, size, and arrangement of bacterial cells.
9 min read 
In negative staining method, an acidic dye is used known as India Ink or Nigrosin. When the bacterial cells are exposed to this stain, due to the presence of acidic nature it readily gives up a hydrogen ion (proton) and the chromophore. As a result, the dye becomes negatively charged, now the bacterial cell surface deflects the stain.
25 min read 
In molecular biology Western blotting is a rapid and sensitive assay for detection and characterization of proteins. This technique exploits the inherent specificity of antigen-antibody interaction to identify specific antigens by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.
0 revisions 17 min read 
In this article i will share best and top recommended books for Genetics and Microbial genetics. The best buying link also provided at the end of each book. Our goal: Find the Top Books for Genetics, based on expert recommendations and thorough research—not just one random opinion. Here’s what we did: As an Amazon Associate, … Read more
11 min read 
In many domains, including medicine, statistics, and machine learning, it is vital to comprehend the complexities of diagnostic tests and their outcomes. There are four key principles that come into play when assessing a diagnostic test’s efficacy: sensitivity, specificity, false positives, and false negatives. Confusion and incorrect interpretation of test results can result from the … Read more
33 min read 
What is Protein Synthesis? Protein synthesis is a fundamental biological process that occurs within cells, responsible for the formation of proteins through the assembly of amino acid chains, termed polypeptides. This process is pivotal to the central dogma of genetics and is instrumental in maintaining cellular function and structure. The process of protein synthesis can … Read more
6 min read 
Hybridization Probes Definition Hybridization probes are a small nucleotide sequence that is used for the detection of complementary sequences (DNA or RNA) in a nucleic acid sample. DNA Probes detects the complementary DNA with the help of a hybridization reaction. This is achieved by permitting the probes to base pair with the sample nucleic acid … Read more
21 min read 
What is cDNA cloning? Definition of Complementary DNA or cDNA Complementary DNA (cDNA) is a form of DNA synthesized from a messenger RNA (mRNA) template through the action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. It represents the coding sequence of genes and is commonly used in gene cloning and expression studies. cDNA Cloning Definition cDNA cloning … Read more