Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.
The Nucleoid (meaning it’s like a nucleus) is an irregularly-shaped part of the prokaryotic cell which is home to all or most part of the gene material. The chromosome of a protokaryote is circular and its length is big in comparison to cell dimensions, which is why it has to be compressed to be able to fit. Contrary to the nucleus in a prokaryotic cell, it’s not protected by the nuclear membrane.
Chromosomes are a collection of tightly coiled DNA that are located in the nucleus of virtually every cell of our body. Humans possess 23 chromosome pairs.
What is Cell Signaling? Three Stages of Cell Signaling Cell signalling can be defined simply as the creation of a “signal” by a single cell. The target cell then receives this signal. In actuality, signal transduction is stated to involve three phases: Types of Cell Signaling Pathways Cell signalling plays a crucial role in enabling … Read more
Transfection refers to the introduction of foreign DNA (non-host genome genetic material) into a cell. The primary goal of transfection is to modify the host genome in order to express or inhibit the production of the linked protein. The primary purpose of this page is to provide readers with a thorough explanation of the fundamental … Read more
What is parthenogenesis? – Parthenogenesis Definition Natural Parthenogenesis The regular, continuous, and natural occurrence of parthenogenesis in the life cycles of certain animals is known as natural parthenogenesis. There are two types of natural pathogenesis: complete and incomplete. (i) Complete parthenogenesis (ii) Incomplete parthenogensis Complete and incomplete type of natural parthenogenesis The two forms of … Read more
Red blood cells constitute the primary cellular component in blood. Red blood cells that are mature are biconcave discs which have no nucleus and are devoid of most cell organelles , including the lysomes, endoplasmic-reticulum and mitochondria.
They are multicellular, eukaryotic cells which comprise the Plant (a collection of eukaryotes that belong to the Plantae kingdom ) capable of producing their own food from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide). Since they are eukaryotic they possess a distinct nucleus, with specially designed organelles that allow them to function in a controlled way.
Growth Definition Levels of Growth There are two distinct stages of growth in living organisms: A. Cell growth B. Growth of multicellular organisms The growth of multicellular animals and plants in connection to the growth and multiplication of their individual cells can be divided into three distinct categories: (1) Auxetic growth (Auxesis = growth resulting … Read more
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