International Biology Olympiad (IBO) Study Notes

The International Biology Olympiad (IBO) is an annual global competition designed for high school students who excel in biology. Participants are selected based on their performance in their respective National Biology Olympiads, with each country typically sending four students and two team leaders to represent their delegation.

The competition evaluates participants' theoretical knowledge and practical skills across a wide range of biological disciplines. Tasks include problem-solving, experimental design, and hands-on biological experiments. The goal is to challenge and inspire young biologists while fostering international collaboration and cultural exchange among students from over 70 countries.

The IBO promotes excellence in biological sciences and encourages students to pursue careers in science. The competition also serves as a platform to unite young talents in a spirit of friendship and academic growth.

6 units · 22 lessons

Last updated: December 18, 2024

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- - 1.2.1 nucleus -nuclear envelope - (nucleohyaloplasm) - nucleoli
  - 1.2.2 cell membrane
  - 1.2.3 mitochondria
  - 1.2.4 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – Structure, Functions and Diagram
  - 1.2.5 ribosomes
  - 1.2.6 Golgi Apparatus – Definition, Structure, Functions, and Diagram
  - 1.2.7 lysosomes
  - 1.2.8 vacuole membrane
  - 1.2.9 proplastides
  - 1.2.10 chloroplasts
  - 1.2.11 chromoplasts
  - 1.2.12 leucoplasts (e.g. amyloplasts)
  - 1.2.13 chromosomes
- - 1.3.1 Anaerobic break down (anaerobic respiration) of glucose: glycolysis
  - 1.3.2 Glycolysis
  - 1.3.3 oxidative phosphorylation
  - 1.3.4 citric acid cycle
  - 1.3.5 Dissimilation of fats and proteins
  - 1.3.6 Assimilation - Photosynthesis
  - 1.3.7 Assimilation - Light reaction
  - 1.3.8 Assimilation - Dark reaction (Calvin cycle)
  - 1.3.9 Protein synthesis - Transcription
  - 1.3.10 Protein synthesis - Translation
  - 1.3.11 Protein synthesis - Genetic code
  - 1.3.12 Transport through membranes - Diffusion
  - 1.3.13 Transport through membranes - Osmosis, plasmolysis
  - 1.3.14 Transport through membranes - Active transport
  - 1.3.15 Mitosis
  - 1.3.16 meiosis
  - 1.3.17 Cell cycle: interphase (replication) and mitosis (prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase)
  - 1.3.18 Chromatids, equatorial plate, haploid and diploid, genome, somatic and generative cells, gamete, crossing over
  - 1.3.19 Meiosis I and meiosis II.
- - 1.4.1 Prokaryotic cell organization
  - 1.4.2 Phototrophy
  - 1.4.3 chemotrophy
- - 1.5.1 Fermentation
  - 1.5.2 Genetic manipulation of organisms
- - 2.1.1 Photosynthesis
  - 2.1.2 transpiration and gas exchange
  - 2.1.3 Leaf : structure; function stomata
  - 2.1.4 Transport of water, minerals and assimilates - Root : structure (endodermis) - Stem : structure (vascular bundles)
  - 2.1.5 Growth and development - Apical meristem and cambium
  - 2.1.6 Germination
- - 2.2.1 Asexual reproduction (clone forming)
  - 2.2.2 Sexual reproduction . Structure of flowers . Pollination . Double fertilization
  - 2.2.3 Alternation of generation in seed plants, ferns and mosses
- - 3.1.1 Digestive tract (including liver, gall bladder and pancreas)
  - 3.1.2 Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
  - 3.1.3 Absorption
  - 3.1.4 Food components (water, minerals, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates and fats)
- - 3.2.1 Breathing mechanism
  - 3.2.2 Gas exchange
  - 3.2.3 Respiratory organs
- - 3.3.1 Blood : blood plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, blood platelets
  - 3.3.2 Blood circulation : arteries, capillaries, veins, heart
  - 3.3.3 Lymphatic system : tissue fluid, lymph
- - 3.4.1 Structure of the renal system
  - 3.4.2 Urine production
- - 3.5.1 Nervous system : peripheral nervous system, central nervous system (spinal cord and brain), autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic), reflexes, sense organs (eyes and ears) -
  - 3.5.2 Endocrine system : pituitary gland, thyroid gland, islets of Langerhans, adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex, ovaries and testes
- - 3.6.1 Structure and function of male and female reproductive systems
  - 3.6.2 Ovulation and menstrual cycle
  - 3.6.3 Fertilization
  - 3.6.4 Formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
  - 3.6.5 Embryonic membranes
- - 3.7.1 Antigens
  - 3.7.2 antibodies
- - 4.1.1 Methodology of Ethology
  - 4.1.2 Defensive Behaviour
  - 4.1.3 Innate and Learned Behaviour
  - 4.1.4 Communication and Social Organization
  - 4.1.5 Foraging Behaviour
  - 4.1.6 Mating systems and Parental care
  - 4.1.7 Biological rhythms
- - 5.1.1 mutation and modification
- - 5.2.1 Monohybrid cross
  - 5.2.2 Dihybrid cross
  - 5.2.3 Polyhybrid cross
  - 5.2.4 Multiple allelism
  - 5.2.5 recombination
  - 5.2.6 sex linkage
  - 5.2.7 Hardy-Weinberg principle
  - 5.2.8 Mechanism of evolution - Mutation - Natural selection - Reproductive isolation - Adaptation - Fitness
- - 6.1.1 Unitary and modular organisms
- - 6.2.1 Population structure . dispersion, age, size and sex structure
  - 6.2.2 Population dynamics . birth rate, death rate . exponential and logistic growth, carrying capacity
  - 6.2.3 Population regulation . metapopulation dynamics
- - 6.3.1 Species richness and diversity
  - 6.3.2 Niche, competition exclusion principle
  - 6.3.3 Interspecific Interactions . competition, predation, symbiosis
  - 6.3.4 Community dynamics . succession
  - 6.3.5 Terrestrial biomes
  - 6.3.6 Aquatic biomes
- - 6.4.1 Trophic structure . food webs
  - 6.4.2 Trophic levels . producers, consumers, decomposers
  - 6.4.3 Energy flow
  - 6.4.4 Productivity . gross and net primary productivity . energy transfer efficiencies
  - 6.4.5 Matter flux through ecosystems
  - 6.4.6 Global biogeochemical cycles
- - 6.5.1 Human population growth
  - 6.5.2 Pollution
  - 6.5.3 threats to biodiversity
  - 6.5.4 in situ conservation
  - 6.5.5 ex situ conservation

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