11 min read 
Human teeth play a crucial role in the process of digestion, enabling the breakdown of food into smaller, manageable pieces before swallowing. Unlike some animals that can consume food in one large gulp, humans rely on their teeth to perform various functions essential for effective mastication. This article provides an overview of the structure, types, … Read more
20 min read 
What is Artificial Selection? Definition of Artificial Selection Artificial selection, or selective breeding, is the human-driven process of breeding plants or animals to promote desirable traits in offspring by selecting specific individuals with those traits to reproduce. Darwin’s Experiments With Artificial Selection Darwin’s experiments with artificial selection were pivotal in the development of his theories … Read more
19 min read 
What is Natural Selection? Definition of Natural Selection Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive, reproduce, and pass those beneficial traits to future generations, leading to gradual evolutionary changes in a population. History of Natural Selection Natural selection, the central concept of Darwin’s theory … Read more
10 min read 
What is Continuing Evolution? Evolution as an Ongoing Process Evolution is a continuous phenomenon, where populations of organisms undergo various changes over time due to numerous biological processes. Understanding these processes is crucial for both students and educators, as they illustrate the dynamic nature of life on Earth. Below are key components that highlight the … Read more
10 min read 
What is Common Ancestry? The theory of common ancestry The theory of common ancestry posits that all life on Earth descends from a singular “universal common ancestor.” This foundational concept in evolutionary biology provides insight into the interconnectedness of all living organisms and how they have evolved over time through adaptation to their environments. Predictions … Read more
21 min read 
What is Speciation? Definition of Speciation Speciation is the evolutionary process through which new, genetically distinct species arise from an existing species, often due to reproductive isolation and genetic differentiation between populations. This can occur via mechanisms such as allopatric or sympatric speciation. Factors Influencing Speciation Speciation, or the process by which new species arise, … Read more
21 min read 
What is Biological Fitness? Definition of Biological Fitness Biological fitness is the ability of an organism to survive, reproduce, and pass on its genes in a specific environment. It reflects how well an organism’s traits help it adapt to environmental conditions, ensuring the continuation of its genetic material across generations. Distinguishing Biological Fitness from Exercise … Read more
9 min read 
What is Blood pressure? Factors Regulating Blood Pressure The regulation of blood pressure is a complex and dynamic process that involves multiple systems working together to maintain homeostasis. Even under normal physiological conditions, arterial blood pressure can exhibit variability. However, the body employs four primary regulatory systems to ensure that blood pressure remains within acceptable … Read more
25 min read 
What is Electrocardiogram (ECG)? Purpose of ECG Test The electrocardiogram (ECG) test is a fundamental diagnostic tool utilized in cardiology to assess the heart’s electrical activity and rhythm. Its purposes are multifaceted, enabling healthcare providers to detect, diagnose, and monitor various cardiac conditions effectively. Working principle of electrocardiograph/Electrocardiogram Waves of Normal ECG A normal electrocardiogram … Read more
8 min read 
The regulation of heart rate is a critical component of cardiovascular physiology, influencing overall heart function and health. Heart rate (HR) is defined as the number of times the heart beats within a minute. Together with stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a single contraction, heart rate … Read more