What is Body Lines of Defense? Defense Systems – Innate and Acquired Defense Systems When the body encounters invaders, it deploys two distinct types of responses: the Innate (Natural/Non-specific) response and the Acquired (Adaptive/Specific) response. These responses form the body’s defense systems against foreign particles. The Innate response remains consistent regardless of the number of … Read more
What are Anatomical Barriers? Anatomical barriers serve as the first line of defense against invading microbes or parasites, preventing them from entering the body and causing infection. These barriers consist of physical structures that organisms must attach to and penetrate before gaining entrance into the body. Microbes or parasites can enter the body through active … Read more
What is Immune Response? What is Primary Immune Response? Mechanism Stages of Primary Immune Response When an individual is exposed to an antigen for the first time, an initial immune response that is very transient and feeble occurs. This can be separated into four phases: lag, exponential, steady state, and decline. Lag (latent) phase Exponential … Read more
What is the humoral immune response/What is humoral immune response? Humoral immunity definition Humoral immunity, also known as the humoral immune response, refers to the branch of the immune system that produces antibodies in response to extracellular pathogens and foreign substances, primarily mediated by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells in the body’s extracellular fluids. History The … Read more
Tumors Tumor Antigens Some Antigens Are Tumor-Specific Antigens unique to cancers caused by chemical or physical carcinogens, as well as some virally induced malignancies, have been found. It is particularly difficult to demonstrate the presence of tumor-specific antigens on spontaneously developing tumours since the immune response to such tumours destroys all of the tumour cells … Read more
What is Cancer Immunotherapy? Manipulation of Co-Stimulatory Signals Can Enhance Immunity Enhancement of APC Activity Can Modulate Tumor Immunity Cytokine Therapy Can Augment Immune Responses to Tumors Interferons Tumor Necrosis Factors In Vitro–Activated LAK And TIL Cells Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies Key Facts
What is Fermentation media? For a good output of product during a fermentation process, the selection of the optimal microorganisms and fermentation media is crucial. As it provides nutrients and energy for the growth of microorganisms, the quality of fermentation media is vital. This medium serves as a substrate for the production of a product … Read more
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is a type of electrophoresis technique that uses a narrow capillary to separate charged molecules (ions) based on their migration towards electrodes under the influence of an electric field. It is a high-resolution and fast method for the analysis of small molecules, DNA, and proteins. The importance of CE lies in its … Read more
What is Flow Cytometry? Definition of Flow cytometry Flow cytometry is a laser-based technology used to analyze and measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a fluid mixture. It provides rapid and quantitative information about cell size, complexity, and fluorescence intensity, enabling various applications in research and clinical settings. Purpose of flow … Read more
In 1896, two bacteriologists, Herbert Edward Durham and Max von Gruber, independently discovered specific agglutination. In honour of the discoverers, this reaction was given the name GruberDurham reaction. Later, Gruber designated as “agglutinin” any chemical that induced an agglutination reaction (from the Latin). Fernand Widal (1862–1929) employed agglutination to diagnose typhoid disease in the same … Read more
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