Pectin is a carbohydrate that occurs naturally in plant cell walls. Long chains of galacturonic acid molecules are joined together to form this complex polysaccharide. Apples, citrus fruits, and berries are good sources of pectin since it is a natural gelling factor in food. Pectin’s gel-forming properties make it ideal for use in the preparation … Read more
The chemical energy stored in molecules can be released as heat in chemical reactions that occur when the fuel methane, coal or cooking gas burns in the air. Chemical energy could also be utilized to carry out mechanical work when fuel is burned in an engine or to generate electric energy via an electrolytic cell … Read more
What is glycolysis? Definition of glycolysis Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy used to form molecules of ATP and NADH, primarily occurring in the cytosol of cells. Salient features of glycolysis In essence, glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic process, intricately linked with various other pathways, underscoring its central role … Read more
In this article, we will discuss the Fate of Pyruvate or the Utilization of Pyruvate after the formation via glycolysis. After the formation of Pyruvate through the glycolysis pathway, it may enter into different pathways such as; lactate fermentation in muscles and rbc, alcohol fermentation, and acetyl CoA fermentation (acetyl CoA then enters into TCA … Read more
What is Pentose Phosphate Pathway? Pentose Phosphate Pathway Definition The Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) is a metabolic pathway parallel to glycolysis that produces NADPH, pentoses (5-carbon sugars), and ribose 5-phosphate, a precursor for nucleotide synthesis. It plays a crucial role in both cellular biosynthesis and the defense against oxidative stress. Location of Pentose Phosphate Pathway … Read more
Entner–Doudoroff pathway is an alternative pathway of Glycolysis. This pathway is found in Gram-negative bacteria, certain Gram-positive bacteria, and archaea. Entner–Doudoroff pathway Definition Entner–Doudoroff pathway containing Organisms Some example of bacteria those contain Entner–Doudoroff pathway are Pseudomonas, Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Xanthomonas campestris, Zymomonas mobilis, Enterococcus faecalis. This pathway also found in … Read more
What is the krebs cycle? Krebs Cycle Steps with Diagram The Overall Krebs cycle equation is; 2 acetyl groups + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi = 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 6 H+ + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP Krebs Cycle Products The followings are the end product … Read more
Glyoxylate cycle Definition Glyoxylate cycle Steps Glyoxylate cycle functions The conversation of dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids in germinating seeds occurs in three compartments such as mitochondria, glyoxysomes, and cytosol. During the conversation, the oxaloacetate from the TCA cycle (mitochondria) enters into the glyoxysomes in the form of aspartate. After that, the aspartate converted into oxaloacetate … Read more
Mitochondrial transporter The mitochondria contain different types of transporter proteins within the intermembrane. These transporters transfers ADP, Pi, and H atom(Substrate) from Inter membrane space to matrix and ATP (Product) from matrix to inner membrane space. There are presently three transporter protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane such as; Adenine Nucleotide Translocase It is an … Read more
What are Carbohydrates? (Carbohydrates Definition) The term “carbohydrate” comes from the Greek word sakharon meaning “sugar”. In the field of chemistry, carbohydrates comprise the most common type of organic compounds with simple structures. A carbohydrate is an aldehyde , or one that contains other hydroxyl groups. The most basic carbohydrates are known as monosaccharides. They … Read more
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