BNO Team

Respiratory syncytial virus RSV is a member of the family Paramyxoviridae and possesses a continuous, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome. Paramyxoviruses are globally significant to both human and animal populations. This family contains several highly contagious viruses, including the human pathogens measles, mumps, and RSV, and the zoonotic viruses Hendra and Nipah. Human RSV (hRSV) is … Read more

Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus, which means it can be transmitted between animals and humans. Fruit bats, often known as flying foxes, serve as the natural reservoir for NiV. The Nipah virus is also known to infect humans and pigs. NiV infection is related with encephalitis (brain swelling) and can result in mild … Read more

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Structure of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genome Structure of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Functions of viral proteins Protein Function E1 Viral DNA replication E2 Control of viral transcription, DNA replication, and segregation of viral genomes E4 Favor and support the HPV genome amplification; regulate the expression of late genes; control virus maturation; facilitate the release … Read more

West Nile virus (WNV) is the most prevalent disease transmitted by mosquitoes in the continental United States. It is often transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. Cases of West Nile virus arise during the summer and fall mosquito season. There are no vaccinations or drugs to prevent or treat WNV in … Read more

Hepatitis E Virus Taxonomy and Classification of Hepatitis E Virus Structure of Hepatitis E Virus Genome of Hepatitis E Virus Epidemiology of Hepatitis E Virus Transmission of Hepatitis E Virus Genomic Replication Strategy Replication of Hepatitis E Virus/Life cycle of hepatitis E virus (HEV) Pathogenesis of Hepatitis E Virus Clinical Manifestations of Hepatitis E Virus Laboratory Diagnosis of Hepatitis E Virus Hepatitis E virus … Read more

Ebola Virus Ebola Virus Classification Hosts of Ebola Virus Structure of Ebola Virus Genome of Ebola Virus The genome is composed of a single strand of negative RNA and measures around 18–19 kilobases in length. There are seven proteins in all that are encoded by the genome. Neither the 3′ nor the 5′ end is polyadenylated or … Read more

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widespread virus whose manifestations in immunocompromised patients with congenital CMV disease range from asymptomatic to severe end-organ dysfunction. Human cytomegalovirus is a member of the herpesviruses, Herpesviridae, or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5) family of viruses. Infections with the human cytomegalovirus are frequently associated with the salivary ducts. An infection with CMV may … Read more

Rotavirus is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genus Reoviridae. Rotaviruses are the leading cause of diarrhea in neonates and young children. By the age of five, nearly every child in the world has been infected with rotavirus at least once.Immunity develops with each infection, reducing the severity of subsequent infections. Rarely … Read more

Torovirus is a genus of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses belonging to the Nidovirales order and Tobaniviridae family.They infect predominantly vertebrates, particularly cattle, pigs, and horses. Among the diseases associated with this genus is gastroenteritis, a condition typically observed in mammals.Torovirus is the only genus in the monotypic Torovirinae subfamily.Torovirus is a monotypic taxon with a … Read more

A virus is a form of microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate within the cells of a living organism. Viruses are capable of infecting all forms of life, including animals, vegetation, and even bacteria. They are comprised of a minute piece of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, encased in a protein shell known … Read more