BNO Team 
22 min read 
What is Interphase? Definition of Interphase Interphase is the phase in the eukaryotic cell cycle during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division, encompassing the G1, S, and G2 sub-stages. Stages of Interphase 1. Gap 1 2. Synthesis In summation, the Synthesis phase is a critical juncture in the cell … Read more
21 min read 
What is Genetic Engineering? Definition of Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering is the deliberate manipulation of an organism’s DNA using advanced techniques to modify, add, or remove specific genes, resulting in desired genetic traits or functions. Basic Tools of Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering involves the manipulation and transfer of genes from one organism to another. To … Read more
11 min read 
What is DNA polymerase I? Definition of DNA polymerase I DNA polymerase I (Pol I) is an enzyme found in prokaryotes that plays a role in DNA replication and repair, primarily assisting in the removal of RNA primers and filling in the resulting gaps with DNA nucleotides. Structure of DNA polymerase I Mechanism of DNA … Read more
23 min read 
What is Recombinant DNA? Definition of Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is a form of DNA constructed in the laboratory by joining genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences not naturally found in any organism. Characterisitcs Features of Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA (rDNA) refers to the formation of new combinations of DNA sequences that are … Read more
21 min read 
What is Chromosome Mapping? Chromosome mapping is a pivotal technique in genetics that determines the relative positions of genes on a chromosome. This process involves creating maps that systematically organize and elucidate genetic information on chromosomes. These maps not only depict the positions of genes but also the distances between them, scaled to a specific … Read more
44 min read 
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick made a groundbreaking contribution to the understanding of DNA structure. By combining physical and chemical data, they proposed a model for DNA as a double helix, a twisted molecule consisting of two complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds. This model revolutionized our knowledge of genetics and unlocked … Read more
12 min read 
What are plasmids? In addition to the chromosome (nucleoid) of bacteria, the cytoplasm of bacterial cells typically contains genetic components. These genetic components live independently of the chromosome and proliferate as plasmids. or Plasmids are double-stranded, self-replicating DNA segments with a few kilobases that are often found in gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial strains, as well … Read more
14 min read 
What are exons? The history of the term “exon” dates back to 1978 when Walter Gilbert, an American biochemist, introduced the concept. Gilbert proposed a new perspective on the structure of genes, suggesting that the traditional idea of a cistron should be replaced by a transcription unit consisting of regions that would be lost from … Read more
24 min read 
What is RNA splicing? In order for mRNA to be translated into a protein, RNA splicing removes the intervening, non-coding sections of genes (introns) from pre-mRNA and links the protein-coding sequences (exons) together. Facts of RNA splicing What is Intron? What is Exon? What is Spliceosome? Types of Spliceosome There are two types of spliceosomes: … Read more
42 min read 
What is RNA? Definition of RNA RNA, or Ribonucleic acid, is a nucleic acid molecule that plays a crucial role in gene expression and protein synthesis. It is a single-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides, including adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). RNA carries genetic information from DNA and acts as a template … Read more