Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.
Intracellular stimuli, such as DNA damage, predominantly trigger apoptosis via the intrinsic route. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway, which is comprised of conserved signalling proteins, is physically connected with mitochondria and sensitive to mitochondrial oxidative stress in vertebrates. Members of the Bcl family linked to the mitochondrial membrane have an effect on the process, including the … Read more
What are Platelets (Thrombocytes)? Platelets (Thrombocytes) Definition Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are anucleated cells derived from megakaryocytic cells in the bone marrow. They are the second most abundant cells in the blood circulation and play a crucial role in maintaining hemostasis by initiating blood clotting. Platelets also have non-hemostatic immune functions and can release … Read more
Storage Granules Definition Structure of Storage Granules Storage Granules in Bacteria Storage Granules Function Storage granules have several important functions in cells, including: Overall, storage granules play a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and allowing cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions. FAQ References
Cilia Definition Characteristics of Cilium Structure of Cilium Cilia are extracellular protrusions that are membrane-bound, microtubule-containing, and formed from centrioles. They are structurally durable, as well as flexible and dynamic, having different mechanisms that regulate their composition and functions. On the basis of the patterns of microtubules found in the axonemes of the cilia, motile cilia … Read more
What is Fluid Mosaic Model of Plasma Membrane? – Fluid Mosaic Model Definition The fluid mosaic model is one method to comprehend biological membranes, consistent with the majority of experimental findings. According to this hypothesis, membrane components such as proteins and glycolipids form a mobile mosaic in the fluid-like environment formed by a sea of … Read more
What is Cell proliferation? What is Normal cell proliferation? The delicate balancing act between cell growth, division, differentiation, and death is what allows for normal cell proliferation, an essential function in the body. Diseases can be caused by disruptions in any of these systems, thus they’re all crucial. Proliferation and apoptosis are two processes that … Read more
What are Cytokines? Definition of Cytokines Cytokines are small proteins that play a crucial role in cell signaling, mediating communication between cells and regulating various physiological processes. What is Cytokinesis? Definition of Cytokinesis Cytokinesis is the process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, each with its own nucleus … Read more
Cell Coat Definition Extracellular Materials Cell Coat Function In addition to safeguarding the plasma membrane, the cell coat serves the following essential purposes: (i) Filtration (ii) Maintenance of the micro-environment of the cell (iii) Enzymes (iv) Immunological properties of the extraneous coats (v) Histocompatibility
What is Mitosis? Definition of Mitosis Mitosis is a cellular process in which a single eukaryotic cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells, each maintaining the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Features of Mitosis In essence, mitosis is a meticulously regulated process that ensures genetic consistency, facilitates growth, and aids … Read more
What is Meiosis? Definition of Meiosis Meiosis is a specialized form of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in four non-identical haploid cells (gametes) from a single diploid parent cell, ensuring genetic diversity and maintaining consistent chromosome numbers across generations. Types of Meiosis Meiosis occurs in the germ cells of organisms that reproduce … Read more
⚠️
Click on your ad blocker icon in your browser's toolbar
Select "Pause" or "Disable" for this website
Refresh the page if it doesn't automatically reload
7 min read 
