Genetics is the branch of biology that studies genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It explores how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes, which are segments of DNA that carry instructions for building and maintaining an organism.
Key areas in genetics include:
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Tryptophan (Trp) Operon Definition A collection of genes that are transcribed together encode the components for tryptophan synthesis. Note: The trp operon is a set of genes that, when transcribed together, encode the enzymes that cause bacteria to generate the amino acid tryptophan. The trp operon was initially defined in Escherichia coli, and it has … Read more
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What is Arabinose Operon? Structure of L-arabinose operon The linear structure of the arabinose operon consists of four unique genes and a catabolic active site. Structural genes Function of Structural genes Inducer Gene Regulatory gene Catabolic Active Site Operator Gene Promoter Gene In Summary Regulation of Arabinose Operon Negative regulation of araBAD Positive regulation of … Read more
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How L-arabinose operon different from other operons? Nevertheless, Englesberg et al. discovered that the ara operon’s function differs significantly from that of the lac operon. Thus, the following paradigm was hypothesised: The arabinose system: genes and behavior How the ara system works? DNA looping: discovery, proof and biological use – helical-twist experiment
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What is Gal operon? Structure of Gal operon The Leloir pathway of D-galactose metabolism Regulation of Transcription Regulation without Regulatory Proteins Control of P1 by Adenine Tracks Control of P2 by UTP Repression by GalR and HU: DNA Looping Regulation in the Absence of DNA Looping: Interaction between GalR and RNA Polymerase Activation of P2 … Read more
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What is Operon? Definition of Operon An operon is a functional unit of DNA in prokaryotes that contains a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, allowing for coordinated expression of related genes. General structure of Operon The operon is a fundamental genetic regulatory system found in prokaryotes, consisting of several key … Read more
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What is Intron? Origin of Introns Types of Introns Group I introns, Group II introns, Nuclear pre-mRNA introns, and Transfer RNA itrons are the four types of introns. 1. Group I introns 2. Group II Introns 3. Spliceosomal introns/Nuclear pre-mRNA Introns 4. Transfer RNA introns Intron Structure Intron Function Splicing Steps of Splicing Splicing occurs … Read more
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What is Spliceosome? Properties of Spliceosome Structure and composition of Spliceosome Components of Spliceosome In addition to the pre-mRNA, spliceosomes include many other RNAs and proteins. Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs, pronounced “snurps”) are a type of RNA-protein complex that includes a small nuclear RNA (snRNA) bound to a protein. Gel electrophoresis enables the snRNAs to … Read more
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What is 5′ capping? The unique cap structure of eukaryotic mRNA is composed of 7-methylguanosine residues connected by a 5′-5′ triphosphate bridge. Structure of 5′ cap 5’ Capping process The starting point for capping with 7-methylguanylate is the unmodified, triphosphate-terminated 5′ end of an RNA molecule. Following the last nucleotide are three phosphate groups connected … Read more
5 min read 
What is Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA (hnRNA)? Properties of hnRNA Processing of hnRNA During processing, the hnRNA undergoes the following chemical modifications: 1. Packaging of hnRNA with protein 2. Polyadenylation or Poly (A) tail formation 3. RNA splicing 4. 5′ Capping Mature mRNA One central coding segment, two untranslated segments, one on either side of the … Read more
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What is shRNA (Short-hairpin RNA)? The shRNA is our short hairpin RNA, which is shorter, artificially manufactured, double-stranded ribonucleic acid that can be used in gene silencing investigations. What is RNA Interference? This mechanism inhibits genes through the targeting of messenger RNA molecules. mRNA is degraded, blocking protein synthesis and transcription. This is accomplished by … Read more