Sourav Pan
A gland is a part of the body that makes and releases substances like hormones, enzymes, or fluids to help the body function. Think of it like a tiny factory—some glands send their products directly into the bloodstream to control things like growth, energy, or mood (these are called endocrine glands, like the thyroid or … Read more
What are Tissues? Definition of Tissues Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions in an organism. They serve as the structural and functional units that form organs, playing critical roles in various biological processes. Characteristics of Tissues Location of Tissues Formation of Tissues The formation of tissues, known as … Read more
A human cell is the basic unit that makes up your body, kind of like tiny rooms in a massive mansion working together to keep everything running. Picture it as a microscopic bubble with a flexible outer layer—the membrane—that decides what enters or exits. Inside, there’s a gooey mix called cytoplasm, packed with tiny machines … Read more
The normal flora, or microbiota, in the mouth and gut refers to the community of tiny organisms—like bacteria, fungi, and viruses—that naturally live in these areas without causing harm. In the mouth, hundreds of species thrive, especially in warm, moist spots like the tongue, teeth, and gums. Common bacteria include Streptococcus, which helps break down food … Read more
typical flora of skin, hair, and nails is the stable community of microorganisms—mostly bacteria and fungus—that live on the outside surfaces of the human body without causing damage under typical circumstances. These communities, sometimes referred to as the skin microbiome, occupy ecological niches, fight against infections, and generate molecules that stop microbial invasion, therefore safeguarding … Read more
What is Eye and Ear Microbiota (Microbiome) or Normal Flora of Eye & Ear? Normal Flora of the Ear Microorganism Type Category Staphylococcus spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Alloiococcus otitis Gram-positive Bacteria Corynebacterium spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Microbacterium spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Bacillus spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Arthrobacter spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Turicella otitidis Gram-positive Bacteria Micrococcus spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Moraxella … Read more
The human body is home to trillions of tiny organisms, like bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that live on the skin, in the mouth, gut, and other areas. This community of microbes is called the human microbiome. Most of these organisms aren’t harmful—in fact, many are essential for health. They help digest food, produce vitamins, and even … Read more
What is Peripheral Nervous System? The peripheral nervous system acts as a bridge between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body. Think of it as a network of pathways that carry messages back and forth. While the brain and spinal cord form the central command center, the peripheral system handles communication with … Read more
What is Rhizosphere? The rhizosphere is the small area of soil around plant roots that is directly affected by root secretions and the microbes that live there. Usually goes about one millimeter from the root surface and includes soil that sticks to the roots and can be easily shook off. Root exudates and rhizodeposition: Roots … Read more
What is Dutch elm disease (DED)? A deadly fungal disease that infects elm trees and stops water from flowing through their vessels, causing them to wilt and die. The main cause is Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Dutch phytopathologists Schwarz and Buisman found it in the Netherlands in the early 1920s. It was brought to … Read more
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