Editorial Team

Editorial Team | Academic Writer

Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.

Clostridium perfringens – Habitat, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Treatment

• Last Updated November 30, 2024 • 0 revisions • 21 min readby Editorial Team

What is Clostridium perfringens? Scientific classification of Clostridium perfringens Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Bacillota Class: Clostridia Order: Eubacteriales Family: Clostridiaceae Genus: Clostridium Species: C. perfringens Geographical Distribution and Habitat of Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens is found globally, with varying types responsible for different diseases in humans and animals. Morphology of Clostridium perfringens Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive … Read more

Cell Cycle – Definition, Phases, Checkpoints, Regulation

• Published on October 23, 2024 • 30 min readby Editorial Team

Cell Cycle - Definition, Phases, Regulation

What is Cell Cycle? Definition of Cell Cycle The cell cycle is a series of sequential events that occur in a cell, leading to its growth, DNA replication, and division into two daughter cells. It consists of interphase, where the cell prepares for division, and the M phase, which includes mitosis and cytokinesis. This process … Read more

Mode of Transport Across Plasma Membrane

• Published on October 20, 2024 • 25 min readby Editorial Team

Types of Membrane Transport Membrane transport refers to the movement of molecules across cell membranes. This process is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and involves multiple mechanisms, which can be classified based on energy requirements. The types of membrane transport are broadly categorized into passive and active transport. Passive transport It is a sort of … Read more

Plant Tissue Culture – Definition, techniques, Media composition, types, application.

• Published on October 11, 2024 • 48 min readby Editorial Team

What is Plant Tissue Culture? Plant tissue culture Definition Plant tissue culture is a biotechnology technique that involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs in a controlled, sterile environment on a nutrient medium. This method exploits the totipotency of plant cells, allowing for the rapid propagation of plants, production of disease-free specimens, and conservation of … Read more

Plasmodesmata – Definition, Structure, Functions and Diagram

• Published on October 8, 2024 • 18 min readby Editorial Team

What is Plasmodesmata? Definition of Plasmodesmata Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels that traverse the cell walls of plant and algal cells, allowing for direct transport and communication between adjacent cells. These structures enable the movement of water, proteins, small RNAs, and other metabolites, playing a crucial role in cellular connectivity and plant physiology. Structure of Plasmodesmata … Read more

Human Digestive System – Organs, Structure, Functions

• Published on October 4, 2024 • 68 min readby Editorial Team

What is Digestive System? How Does the Digestive System Work? Types of Digestive System The digestive system can be categorized into two primary components: the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the accessory digestive organs. Understanding these components is essential for comprehending how the body processes food and absorbs nutrients. Each part plays a distinct role in … Read more

Phylum Annelida – Definition, Characteristics, Classification, Examples

• Published on October 2, 2024 • 43 min readby Editorial Team

Kingdom: Animalia Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa (unranked): Protostomia (unranked): Spiralia Superphylum: Lophotrochozoa Phylum: AnnelidaLamarck, 1809 Morphology of Annelida Below is a detailed description of the key morphological traits of annelids: Anatomy of Annelida General Characters of Phylum Annelida Organ System of Phylum Annelida Below is an overview of the major organ systems found in annelids, … Read more

Phylum Ctenophora – Characteristics, Classification, Examples, Evolutionary significance

• Published on October 2, 2024 • 24 min readby Editorial Team

What is Phylum Ctenophora? Kingdom Animalia Subkingdom Eumetazoa Phylum Ctenophora Phylum Ctenophora, commonly referred to as comb jellies, encompasses a group of marine invertebrates known for their distinctive, jelly-like appearance and unique locomotive mechanisms. These creatures, often mistaken for jellyfish, play a significant role in marine ecosystems across the globe. Below is an exploration of … Read more

Protozoa – Definition, Classification, Characteristics, Structure, Locomotion, Examples

• Last Updated July 6, 2025 • 1 revisions • 25 min readby Editorial Team

What is Protozoa? Protozoa Definition Protozoa are a diverse group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be either free-living or parasitic. They primarily feed on organic matter, including microorganisms and organic debris. Protozoa are characterized by their lack of a rigid cell wall, motility, and heterotrophic feeding habits. Examples include Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, and Trypanosoma. … Read more

Wuchereria bancrofti – Morphology, Life Cycle, Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, Diagnosis, Prophylaxis and Treatment

• Last Updated October 1, 2024 • 0 revisions • 28 min readby Editorial Team

Lymphatic filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti

Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by three microscopic, thread-like worms, called Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. These worms infect the lymphatic system and cause Lymphatic filariasis. The adult worm can be found in the human lymph system, this system helps to maintain the body’s fluid balance and fights against infections.