Cell Organelles – Structure, Functions, Diagram
Your body is currently doing a lot of things simultaneously. Your body is sending electrical impulses, pumping blood and filtering urine.
BNO Team
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Gram-Negative Bacteria – Structure, Characteristics, Examples
Gram-negative bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms known for their unique cell structure, which plays a key role in how they interact with the environment and cause infections. Unlike Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between two membranes. The outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which can trigger strong immune responses … Read more
Gram Positive bacteria – Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Examples
Gram-positive bacteria are a group of bacteria classified based on how they react to a lab test called the Gram stain. When stained, these bacteria hold onto a purple dye because of their thick, mesh-like cell wall made of peptidoglycan. This sturdy layer acts like a protective shield, unlike Gram-negative bacteria, which have thinner walls … Read more
McIntosh and Fildes’ Anaerobic Jar – Principle, Parts, Procedure
What is McIntosh and Fildes’ Anaerobic Jar? Designed to provide an oxygen-free environment required for growing bacteria unable of surviving in the presence of oxygen, McIntosh and Fildes’ anaerobic jar is a specialist piece of laboratory equipment. Usually built from strong metal or glass, the jar has a firmly closing lid and has input and … Read more
GasPak Anaerobic System – Principle, Parts, Application
The GasPak Anaerobic System is a laboratory method used to grow bacteria that thrive in oxygen-free environments, known as anaerobes. Using throwaway sachets filled with compounds like sodium borohydride and sodium bicarbonate helps to create an anaerobic (oxygen-free) environment more quickly. These molecules combine to generate hydrogen and carbon dioxide when water is introduced. The … Read more
BOD Incubator – Principle, Parts, Procedure, Application
What is BOD Incubator? BOD incubator Definition The BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) Incubator is a specialized laboratory instrument designed to provide a controlled temperature environment, typically around 20 degrees centigrade, for microbial and biochemical studies, particularly for assessing the oxygen demand of microorganisms in water samples. BOD incubator Principle Operating on a well engineered mechanism, … Read more
Differential Centrifugation – Principle, Protocol, Uses
Differential centrifugation (or the differential velocity method) is one of the most prevalent techniques applied in biochemistry and cell biology regarding the separation of organelles and other subcellular particles according to their sedimentation rates. It is available not only for separate microscopic analyses, but also as a useful technique for preliminary remediation of suspended nonliving … Read more
Autoclave Bag – Application, Types, Applications, Advantages
What is an Autoclave Bag? Autoclave bags are made of specific materials that can withstand high temperatures and pressures. Autoclave bags, usually filled with polypropylene, are used in medical/laboratory environments and procedures to sterilize contaminated waste for proper and safe disposal. Autoclave bags are designed to contain biohazard waste and make them biohazard safe. These … Read more
Density Gradient Centrifugation – Principle, Protocol, Uses
What is a Density Gradient Centrifugation? Scientists apply density gradient centrifugation in laboratories to sort particles including cells, organelles, and biomolecules because of their density differences. During density gradient centrifugation a sample sits on top of a density gradient medium formed by substances such as sucrose or cesium chloride. During high-speed centrifuge spinning particles from … Read more
Laminar flow hood/cabinet – Parts, Principle, Application
What is Laminar flow hood/cabinet? A laminar flow hood, or laminar flow cabinet, is a type of work environment used in pharmaceutical, medical, and research laboratories that creates a well regulated, sterilised environment when working with delicate material or processes. The main job of a laminar flow hood is to maintain an area free of contaminates by … Read more