Editorial Team

Editorial Team | Academic Writer

Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.

20 Difference Between Darkfield and bright Field Microscope

• Last Updated June 26, 2025 • 0 revisions • 4 min readby Editorial Team

What is Bright Field Microscope? What is Dark Field Microscope? Difference Between Bright Field Microscope and Dark Field Microscope Feature Bright‑Field Microscope Dark‑Field Microscope Image Background Bright Dark Specimen Appearance Dark/stained specimens appear visible Unstained specimens appear bright against dark Illumination Transmitted white light through specimen Oblique/scattered light; direct light blocked Contrast Mechanism Light absorption … Read more

What is the Difference Between Holobasidium and Phragmobasidium?

• Published on June 20, 2025 • 7 min readby Editorial Team

What is Holobasidium? What is Basidium? What is Phragmobasidium? Difference Between Holobasidium and Phragmobasidium Holobasidium and Phragmobasidium are two distinct types of basidia, which are reproductive structures found in fungi belonging to the division Basidiomycota. These structures play a crucial role in the life cycle of these fungi, particularly in spore production and dispersal. Understanding … Read more

Difference Between Virus and Viroids – Virus Vs Viroids

• Published on June 20, 2025 • 5 min readby Editorial Team

Difference Between Virus and Viroids In this article we will discuss about Differences Between Viroids and Prions. Virus Viroid Difference Between Virus and Viroids – Virus Vs. Viroids Feature Virus Viroid Genetic Material DNA or RNA, single- or double-stranded, linear or segmented Small circular single-stranded RNA molecule Capsid/Coat Protein coat (capsid); some have additional lipid … Read more

What is Phycology?

• Last Updated July 28, 2025 • 2 revisions • 15 min readby Editorial Team

In some places, phycology is also called algology. It is the study of algae, which are part of the plant kingdom.

Northern Blot vs Southern Blot – Differences Between Northern and Southern blotting

• Published on May 3, 2025 • 5 min readby Editorial Team

Differences Between Northern and Southern blotting - Northern blotting vs Southern blotting

What is Northern blotting? Northern blotting is a technique in molecular biology that allows for the detection of specific RNA sequences in a complex mixture, offering valuable insights into gene expression patterns. In 1977, James Alwine, David Kemp, and George Stark at Stanford University introduced a method that was cleverly named “Northern blot,” referencing … Read more

Southern Blot – Definition, Principle, Steps, Importance

• Last Updated June 28, 2025 • 2 revisions • 22 min readby Editorial Team

Southern Blotting Principle, Procedure, Importance

Southern Blotting is a molecular biology technique used for the identification of a specific DNA sequence in a collected DNA sample.

Gerhardt’s test – Principle, Procedure, Result

• Last Updated May 3, 2025 • 0 revisions • 12 min readby Editorial Team

Gerhardt’s test is a type of laboratory test which is performed for the qualitative detection of ketone bodies in urine.

Seliwanoff’s Test – Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses

• Published on April 21, 2025 • 7 min readby Editorial Team

What is Seliwanoff’s Test? Seliwanoff’s Test is a fundamental biochemical assay designed to distinguish between aldose and ketose sugars based on their structural differences. Named after chemist Theodor Seliwanoff, this test leverages the principle that ketoses (sugars with a ketone group, like fructose) dehydrate more rapidly than aldoses (sugars with an aldehyde group, like glucose) when heated with a … Read more

Cell Organelles – Structure, Functions, Diagram

• Last Updated April 22, 2025 • 0 revisions • 81 min readby Editorial Team

Cell Organelles Structure and their Functions

Your body is currently doing a lot of things simultaneously. Your body is sending electrical impulses, pumping blood and filtering urine.

Gram-Negative Bacteria – Structure, Characteristics, Examples

• Published on April 18, 2025 • 19 min readby Editorial Team

Gram-negative bacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms known for their unique cell structure, which plays a key role in how they interact with the environment and cause infections. Unlike Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between two membranes. The outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which can trigger strong immune responses … Read more