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Algal Morphology – Size, Shape, Cellular Components and Structure

Cellular Structure of Algae

Algal morphology is defined as the study of body structure and organization of algal cells and their thalli. Algae are observed in a diversity of sizes and shapes, from microscopic single-celled forms to large seaweeds several meters long. The science concerned with algae is termed Phycology, and a specialist is called an Algologist or Phycologist. … Read more

Euglena – Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Reproduction, Importance

Euglena - Definition, Characteristics, Structure, Reproduction, Importance

What is Euglena? The term Euglena denotes a genus of unicellular, flagellated eukaryotic organisms (protists). In many habitats (freshwater, moist soils, brackish waters) these organisms are found. The cell is bounded by a flexible proteinaceous pellicle (not a rigid cell wall), which allows shape changes (metaboly) under movement pressures. One or two flagella (one often … Read more

What is Algae? Characteristics, Structure, Classes, Reproduction, Importance

What is Algae

What is Algae? Characteristics of Algae Habitat of Algae The Habitat of algae is described as highly diverse, because algae are of universal occurrence and are found in water, land, snow, hot springs, inside plants/animals, and even in extreme saline or aerial conditions. The Aquatic algae are predominant in occurrence, and they are present in … Read more

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – Definition, Steps, Principle, Application

Polymerase chain reaction Steps

Polymerase chain reaction or PCR is a laboratory technique that is used to make multiple copies (millions or billions!) of a specific region of DNA in vitro (in a test tube rather than an organism).

Real-Time PCR (qPCR) – Definition, Principle, Protocol, Application, Advantages

Real-Time PCR Principle, Protocol, Application, Advantages.

A real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) is a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based laboratory technique used in molecular biology for real-time monitoring of the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR, not at its end, as the conventional PCR do.

Microbial degradation of cellulose – Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms

Microbial degradation of cellulose - Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms

What is cellulose? (C6H10O5)n Cellulose Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass 162.1406 g/mol Density 1.5 g/cm³ Appears White powder Melting Point 260–270 °C Properties of cellulose Structure of cellulose What are cellulases? Cellulases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose, a complex polysaccharide present in plant cell walls. These enzymes are largely produced … Read more

Organic Waste Recycling – Definition, Characteristics, Methods, Steps, Significance

Organic Waste Recycling - Definition, Characteristics, Methods, Steps, Significance

Organic waste adds to greenhouse gas emissions, soil and water contamination, and other environmental problems. Composting, anaerobic digestion, and vermicomposting are among the methods that can be used to manage organic waste. What is Organic waste? Organic waste refers to any waste material that originates from living organisms or their byproducts. This waste can be … Read more

Microbial Degradation of Lignin – Microorganisms, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms, Challenges

Microbial Degradation of Lignin - Microorganisms, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms, Challenges

What is lignin? Lignin is a complex, high-molecular-weight polymer made mostly of phenolic compounds. It is found in the cell walls of vascular plants, especially in the secondary cell wall during the development of xylem, phloem fibres, and sclerenchyma cells, which give the plant strength, support, and waterproofing. It is made up of three main … Read more

Brucella Agar – Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses

Brucella Agar - Composition, Principle, Preparation, Results, Uses

Brucella is an intracellular parasite which causes epizootic abortions for animals, and septicemic febrile disease or localized infections of tissues, bones or organ systems of humans. Brucella species are very meticulous and require a rich nutrient environment to develop. Additionally, Brucella species are highly infectious, and therefore extreme caution should be exercised when handling.

Phyllosphere Microorganisms – Examples, Factors, Effects

Phyllosphere Microorganisms - Examples, Factors, Effects

The phyllosphere refers to the entirety of a plant’s above-ground surface, which provides a habitat for microorganisms, particularly in the aerial components such as leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. Phyllosphere Microorganisms – These are microbiological entities that inhabit the aerial surfaces of plants, particularly the leaf surface (phylloplane). What is Phyllosphere? Phyllosphere – the aerial … Read more

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