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Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.

Lysosomes – Definition, Structure, Formation, Functions, Types and Diagram

9 min readby
Structure of Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-boundand dense granular structures that contain hydrolytic enzymes that are responsible for digestion in extracellular and intracellular cells. The term “lysosome” is composed of two words “lysis” which means breakdown, and “soma” which means body. It is a crucial cell organelle, responsible for inter- and extracellular breakdown of various substances.

Cytoplasm – Functions, Structure, Definition, and Diagram

17 min readby
Cytoplasm Functions, Structure, Definition, and Diagram

The cytoplasm, a highly viscous substance (gel-like) that is enclosed within the cell membrane. It is composed of water (about 85%), proteins (10-15%), lipids (2-4%) and nucleic acids, inorganic salts, and polysaccharides in smaller amounts. Depending on the cell’s configuration, cytoplasm might also contain occasional inclusions (e.g. stored nutrients and pigments).

Plant cell – Structure, Definition, Diagram, Organelles

38 min readby
Plant cell Structure, Definition, Diagram, Organelles

Animals, fungi and protists are composed of at least one eukaryotic cell. However archaea and bacteria are composed of only one prokaryotic cell. Plant cells differ from cells belonging to other organisms due to their cell walls, chloroplasts and the central vacuole.

Stroma in chloroplast and Stroma in Animal Tissue

13 min readby
Stroma in chloroplast and Stroma in Animal Tissue

Stroma, as a term in botany, refers to the transparent fluid that surrounds the grana inside the chloroplast. In the stroma, there are the grana (stacks of the thylakoid) and sub-organelles, or daughter cells in which photosynthesis begins prior to the chemical reactions being completed within the stroma.

Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell

12 min readby
Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell

In the previous article we learned about cell structure and functions. Now in this article we will learn about Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Introduction Hey, if I told you, that you are surrounded by 100 trillion bacterial cells, would you believe? Yes, If you look closer than you will find trillions of bacterial cells on … Read more

Cell Structure and Functions – Cell Organelles

1 revisions 27 min readby
Cell Structure and functions

A cell is like the tiny building block that makes up all living things, from plants and animals to bacteria. Imagine it as a microscopic bag filled with stuff that keeps life going. Every cell has a thin outer layer called a membrane, which holds everything inside and controls what goes in or out. Inside, … Read more

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