BNO Team 
9 min read 
What is Channel Protein? Types of Channel Protein There are present 2 types of channel protein such as; 1. Non-gated Channel 2. Gated Channel Structure of Channel Protein Function of Channel Protein Channel Proteins and Carrier Proteins Example of Channel Protein Chloride channel Potassium channel Calcium channel Sodium channel References
16 min read 
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of protein filaments found in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. It stretches from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane in eukaryotes and is composed of the same proteins in all organisms. It consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, all of which … Read more
11 min read 
Microtubules Definition (What are microtubules?) Occurrence of Microtubules Microtubules Structure Chemical Composition of Microtubules Intracellular Organization of Microtubules Microtubule-Associated Proteins (MAPs) Microtubule Organizing Centres (MTOCs) Assembly and Disassembly of Microtubules Function of Microtubules Microtubules serve multiple purposes in eukaryotic cells, including the following: 1. Mechanical function 2. Morphogenesis 3. Cellular polarity and motility 4. Contraction … Read more
8 min read 
What are intermediate filaments? Types of intermediate filaments The intermediate filaments are extremely varied in terms of their biochemical properties, but can be classified into four major kinds based on their morphology and localization: 1. Type I IF proteins 2. Type II IF proteins 3. Type III IF proteins 4. Type IVIF proteins Characteristics of … Read more
14 min read 
What is Microfilaments? Definition of Microfilaments Microfilaments, or actin filaments, are slender protein fibers that form a vital part of a cell’s cytoskeleton, contributing to cell shape, movement, and structural support. Distribution of Microfilaments Chemical Composition of Microfilaments (Structure of Microfilaments) Associated Proteins with Microfilaments The proper formation and regulation of actin filaments, also known … Read more
30 min read 
What are Mitochondria? Definition of Mitochondria Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic cells responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy currency of the cell. Organization and Distribution Mitochondria, often termed the cellular powerhouses, are intricate organelles that play a pivotal role in energy production. Their organization and distribution within cells are both diverse … Read more
15 min read 
What is Microbodies? Historical Microbodies: Structure And Types Peroxisomes Structure of Peroxisomes Functions of Peroxisomes Peroxisomes have been found to engage in two types of biochemical processes: 1. Hydrogen peroxide metabolism H2O2and aging 2. Glycolate cycle Photorespiration CH2OH. COOH + O2 → CHO – COOH + H2O2 CHO — COOH + H2O2 → HCOOH + … Read more
6 min read 
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) are also referred to as mesenchymal stromal cell (also known as medicinal signaling cells) are stromal cells with multi-potency which can transform into a variety of cells, including osteoblasts (bone cells) as well as the chondrocytes (cartilage cells) and myocytes (muscle cells) and Adipocytes (fat cells that contribute to the adipose tissue of the marrow).
6 min read 
The epithelium of transition is a form of stratified epithelium that comprises several layers of cells, where their shape cells changes in accordance with the function that the organ performs. The epithelium can have a varied appearance, as it appears to be circular or cubic in a relaxed state with the exception of the apical layer that appears flat when stretched. The epithelium is essentially restricted to the urinary system that’s why it’s sometimes referred to”urothelium” “urothelium”.
27 min read 
It is important to note that the distinction between prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes was clearly established by microbiologists Roger Stanier and C. B. van Niel in their 1962 paper on the concept of bacteria (though they used the words procaryote as well as eucaryot in the paper).