Cyclic AMP Pathway (Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate)
6 min read 
What is Cyclic AMP pathway? Synthesis of Cyclic AMP Cyclic AMP pathway Functions of Cyclic AMP References
BNO Team
6 min read
Transfection – Definition, Types, Principle, Applications
50 min read 
Transfection refers to the introduction of foreign DNA (non-host genome genetic material) into a cell. The primary goal of transfection is to modify the host genome in order to express or inhibit the production of the linked protein. The primary purpose of this page is to provide readers with a thorough explanation of the fundamental … Read more
Parthenogenesis – Definition, Types
9 min read 
What is parthenogenesis? – Parthenogenesis Definition Natural Parthenogenesis The regular, continuous, and natural occurrence of parthenogenesis in the life cycles of certain animals is known as natural parthenogenesis. There are two types of natural pathogenesis: complete and incomplete. (i) Complete parthenogenesis (ii) Incomplete parthenogensis Complete and incomplete type of natural parthenogenesis The two forms of … Read more
Red Blood Cell – Morphology, Size, Shape, Color and Inclusion Bodies
6 min read 
Red blood cells constitute the primary cellular component in blood. Red blood cells that are mature are biconcave discs which have no nucleus and are devoid of most cell organelles , including the lysomes, endoplasmic-reticulum and mitochondria.
Types of Plant Cell
16 min read 
They are multicellular, eukaryotic cells which comprise the Plant (a collection of eukaryotes that belong to the Plantae kingdom ) capable of producing their own food from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide). Since they are eukaryotic they possess a distinct nucleus, with specially designed organelles that allow them to function in a controlled way.
Cell Growth – Definition, Types, Mechanisms
13 min read 
Growth Definition Levels of Growth There are two distinct stages of growth in living organisms: A. Cell growth B. Growth of multicellular organisms The growth of multicellular animals and plants in connection to the growth and multiplication of their individual cells can be divided into three distinct categories: (1) Auxetic growth (Auxesis = growth resulting … Read more
Genetic Code – Definition, Characteristics, Wobble Hypothesis
19 min read 
What is a Genetic Code? The genetic code is a set of rules that living cells use to decipher the information encoded in genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences). The ribosomes are responsible for carrying out the translation process. Using tRNA (transfer RNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides … Read more
Nucleolus – Definition, Structure, Functions
7 min read 
The nucleolus is a structure within a cell’s nucleus that plays a critical role in the life of a cell. This small but mighty organelle is responsible for several important functions, including the synthesis and assembly of ribosomes. In this article, we will explore the nucleolus, its structure and function, and its role in maintaining … Read more
Transfection Protocols – Principle, Protocol, Uses
11 min read 
Principle of Transfection According to the definition of transfection, the external genetic material must enter the cell via the cell membrane. It is essential to highlight that the genetic material, whether DNA or RNA, is negatively charged as a result of the proteins that surround it. Therefore, in an unmanipulated environment, exogenous DNA cannot cross … Read more
Transfection PEI (Polyethylenimine) Protocol
11 min read 
Standard protein expression systems, including E. coli, frequently fail to generate folded, monodisperse, or functional eukaryotic proteins (see Small-scale Expression of Proteins in E. coli). Utilizing a eukaryotic system, such as mammalian cells, that includes the required folding and posttranslational machinery is highly advantageous for the expression of these proteins. Using polyethylenimine, we present strategies … Read more