Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.
Who Was Louis Pasteur? Contribution of Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur made several groundbreaking contributions to science, particularly in microbiology and chemistry. Here is a detailed overview of his major contributions: The Swan Necked Flask experiment of Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur’s experiment with the swan-necked flask was a landmark in disproving the theory of spontaneous generation … Read more
Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek? Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and Cell Theory Contribution of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist and businessman, made several pioneering contributions to the field of microbiology, fundamentally altering our understanding of the microscopic world. His meticulous observations and discoveries laid the foundation for modern biology and greatly influenced … Read more
Northern blotting or Northern hybridization is a widely used technique in molecular biology to determine the molecular weight of mRNA and to measure relative amounts of mRNA present in different samples and for identifying alternatively spliced transcripts and multigene family members.
What is Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method for Total Carbohydrates? Objective of Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method Principle of Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method The principle of the Phenol-Sulfuric Acid Method centers on the reaction of carbohydrates with strong acid and heat, leading to the production of detectable compounds. This method involves the breakdown of carbohydrates—such as simple sugars, oligosaccharides, or … Read more
HSP heavy strand promoter LSP light strand promoter MGME1 mitochondrial genome maintenance exonuclease 1 mtSSB mitochondrial single-stranded DNA-binding protein NCR noncoding region TAS termination-associated sequence What is Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)? Structure of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) General Features of the Mitochondrial Genome Factors for mtDNA replication Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication is a critical process distinct from … Read more
Have you ever wondered how your body creates new cells? Or how genetic information is passed down from one generation to the next? The answer lies in a fascinating process called DNA replication. In this article, we’ll dive deep into the world of eukaryotic DNA replication, exploring its intricacies, importance, and the cutting-edge research surrounding … Read more
What is Prokaryotic DNA Replication? Structure of Ori C OriC (Origin of Chromosome) is the specific locus in Escherichia coli where DNA replication is initiated. This critical region is located at approximately the 84.5 mpu position on the E. coli genome, situated opposite to the replication termination site. The structure of OriC is characterized by … Read more
What do you mean by jaw suspensorium? Jaw suspension in vertebrates refers to the way the lower jaw is attached to the upper jaw or the skull, enabling efficient biting and chewing. This attachment is achieved through modifications in the visceral arches, which are part of the splanchnocranium in the vertebrate skull. The vertebrate skull … Read more
What is Osazone Test? The Osazone test is a biochemical method used to identify reducing sugars. This test is also known as the Phenylhydrazine test, referring to the reagent employed in the procedure. It distinguishes reducing sugars based on the time it takes for the osazone complex to form. Carbohydrates, or sugars, are defined chemically … Read more
Streptococcus pneumoniae Overview Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, spherical bacterium. It is alpha-hemolytic and belongs to the genus Streptococcus. Discovered by Louis Pasteur and George Sternberg in the late 19th century, it is a significant human pathogen, especially noted for causing pneumonia. S. pneumoniae typically appears as lancet-shaped diplococci, meaning it … Read more
⚠️
Click on your ad blocker icon in your browser's toolbar
Select "Pause" or "Disable" for this website
Refresh the page if it doesn't automatically reload
1 revisions 8 min read 
