In which type of proteins does the quaternary structure exist, and how does it differ from the tertiary structure?

Sourav PanNovember 9, 2024

Answered

Quaternary structure exists in proteins that are composed of two or more polypeptide chains, known as subunits. This level of protein structure is characterized by the arrangement and interaction of these subunits to form a functional protein complex. Here’s how quaternary structure differs from tertiary structure and some examples of proteins that exhibit quaternary structure:

Differences Between Quaternary Structure and Tertiary Structure

1. Composition:
   • Tertiary Structure: Refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of a single polypeptide chain, including all its secondary structures (alpha helices and beta sheets). It is determined by interactions among the side chains (R groups) of the amino acids within that chain.
   • Quaternary Structure: Involves the assembly of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) into a larger protein complex. Each subunit may have its own tertiary structure, and the overall quaternary structure is formed by the interactions between these subunits.
2. Interactions:
   • Tertiary Structure: Stabilized by various interactions such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bridges within a single polypeptide chain.
   • Quaternary Structure: Stabilized primarily by non-covalent interactions (like hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions) between different subunits. In some cases, covalent bonds (such as disulfide bonds) may also contribute to stability.
3. Functional Implications:
   • Tertiary Structure: Determines the specific shape and function of a single polypeptide, which is critical for its biological activity.
   • Quaternary Structure: Allows for cooperative interactions between subunits, which can enhance functionality. For example, in hemoglobin, the binding of oxygen to one subunit increases the affinity of other subunits for oxygen.

Examples of Proteins with Quaternary Structure

• Hemoglobin: A well-known example, hemoglobin consists of four subunits (two alpha and two beta), allowing it to efficiently transport oxygen in the blood.
• Antibodies: Immunoglobulins are composed of multiple polypeptide chains that form a Y-shaped structure, crucial for their role in immune response.
• Collagen: This structural protein is made up of three intertwined polypeptide chains that provide strength and support to connective tissues.
• DNA Polymerase: An enzyme involved in DNA replication, composed of multiple subunits that work together to synthesize new DNA strands.