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How does the production of antibodies by lymphocytes contribute to specific immunity?
How does the production of antibodies by lymphocytes contribute to specific immunity?
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Role of Antibodies in Specific Immunity
The production of antibodies by lymphocytes, particularly B cells, is a critical component of the adaptive immune system, which provides specific immunity against pathogens. This process involves several key steps and mechanisms that ensure a tailored and effective immune response.
Lymphocyte Activation and Differentiation
- Recognition of Antigens:
- B cells express unique receptors (B cell receptors, or BCRs) on their surface that specifically bind to antigens, which are foreign molecules recognized by the immune system.
- Upon encountering their specific antigen in secondary lymphoid organs (such as the spleen and lymph nodes), B cells become activated.
- Clonal Selection:
- The clonal selection theory posits that each B cell is pre-committed to respond to a specific antigen. When a B cell binds to its corresponding antigen, it undergoes proliferation and differentiation into effector cells.
- This results in the formation of a clone of cells that produce antibodies specific to the encountered antigen.
- Differentiation into Plasma Cells:
- Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells, which are specialized for antibody production. These plasma cells can secrete large quantities of antibodies into the bloodstream.
- Additionally, some activated B cells become memory B cells, which persist long-term and enable a quicker response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
Antibody Structure and Function
- Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins composed of four polypeptide chains. The tips of the Y contain variable regions that determine the specificity of the antibody for its antigen.
- Each antibody binds specifically to its corresponding antigen, enhancing the immune system’s ability to recognize and neutralize pathogens through various mechanisms:
- Neutralization: Antibodies can block pathogen entry into host cells.
- Opsonization: Antibodies mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytes.
- Complement Activation: Antibodies can initiate the complement cascade, leading to pathogen lysis.
Immunological Memory
One of the hallmarks of specific immunity is the ability to remember past infections. Memory B cells formed during an initial immune response allow for a faster and more robust response upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen. This immunological memory is crucial for long-term protection against diseases
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