Describe the signs of Type 1 diabetes (limited to increased blood glucose concentration and glucose in urine) and its treatment (administration of insulin)

Sourav PanNovember 3, 2024

Answered

Signs of Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by several clinical signs, particularly related to blood glucose levels. Two significant signs include:

1. Increased Blood Glucose Concentration:
   • In T1D, the pancreas produces little to no insulin due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. This leads to elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) because glucose cannot efficiently enter the body’s cells for energy. Symptoms of hyperglycemia can include excessive thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), and fatigue.
2. Glucose in Urine:
   • When blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold (approximately 180 mg/dL), the kidneys cannot reabsorb all the excess glucose, resulting in glucose spilling into the urine. This condition is known as glucosuria. The presence of glucose in urine can lead to increased urination and dehydration, further exacerbating the symptoms of diabetes.

Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

The primary treatment for Type 1 diabetes is the administration of insulin, which is essential for managing blood glucose levels effectively. Here’s how insulin therapy works:

1. Insulin Administration:
   • Individuals with T1D require exogenous insulin because their bodies do not produce it. Insulin can be administered through multiple daily injections (MDI) or via an insulin pump that delivers a continuous supply of insulin.
2. Types of Insulin:
   • Insulin therapy typically involves a combination of basal insulin (long-acting) to maintain stable blood glucose levels throughout the day and bolus insulin (rapid-acting) to manage spikes in blood glucose after meals.
3. Monitoring and Adjustment:
   • Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is crucial for individuals with T1D to adjust insulin doses according to dietary intake, physical activity, and other factors affecting blood sugar levels.
4. Preventing Complications:
   • Effective insulin management helps prevent both acute complications (like diabetic ketoacidosis) and long-term complications associated with chronic hyperglycemia, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney damage, and neuropathy.