20 min read 
What is Cardiac Cycle? Cardiac Cycle Phases The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occurs from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. This cycle consists of two primary phases: ventricular contraction, known as systole, and ventricular relaxation, referred to as diastole. Each of these phases can be … Read more
15 min read 
What is Myocardium? Definition of Myocardium The myocardium is the thick, muscular middle layer of the heart wall, located between the epicardium and endocardium. It is primarily composed of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) that enable the heart to contract and pump blood throughout the body. Layers in the Walls of the Heart The heart, a … Read more
9 min read 
Overview of Heart Conduction The conduction system of the heart is a complex network that orchestrates the electrical signals required for heart muscle contraction. This system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated manner, facilitating efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The process begins with the generation of an electrical signal, which propagates through … Read more
20 min read 
What is Coronary circulation? Anatomy Of the coronary circulation The anatomy of the coronary circulation is crucial for understanding how the heart receives its blood supply. This system consists of the coronary arteries and veins, which work together to deliver oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium and return deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Coronary Arteries … Read more
25 min read 
What is Cardiac Output? What is Cardiac Index? Cardiac Index (CI) is a crucial measure in cardiovascular physiology that expresses cardiac output in relation to the individual’s body surface area (BSA). This index provides a more accurate understanding of heart function by accounting for the size of the person, making it a more individualized and … Read more
14 min read 
What is Carbon Monoxide Poisoning? Pathophysiology of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning The pathophysiology of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning involves complex interactions within the body that result in severe physiological disturbances. The following points summarize the key aspects of how carbon monoxide affects human health: Toxicokinetics of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning The toxicokinetics of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning … Read more
18 min read 
What is Lung? Location of Lungs The lungs are essential respiratory organs located symmetrically on either side of the thoracic cavity. Their specific positioning and anatomical features enable efficient gas exchange within the body. Structure of Lung The lungs are vital organs characterized by their roughly cone-shaped structure. They exhibit a unique anatomy that facilitates … Read more
19 min read 
Respiration is a vital physiological process that encompasses the cyclic movement of air into and out of the lungs. This mechanism is crucial for facilitating the exchange of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the external environment and the bloodstream. The efficiency of respiration directly influences the partial pressures of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon … Read more
48 min read 
What is Respiration? What is Respiration System? Respiratory organs The respiratory system consists of several critical organs that work together to facilitate breathing and gas exchange. These organs are structured to ensure the proper flow of oxygen into the body and the removal of carbon dioxide. Below is a detailed breakdown of the primary respiratory … Read more
8 min read 
What Are Respiratory Pigments? Examples of Respiratory pigments Below are the primary examples of respiratory pigments, highlighting their structure, function, and variations. Comparative analysis of respiratory pigments reveals distinct differences and similarities among them: Evolutionary significance of respiratory pigments The evolutionary significance of respiratory pigments is profound, as these molecules have enabled organisms to adapt … Read more