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Origin of Parazoa Choanoflagellate: Link to sponges Sponges’ internal chambers are bordered by a series of specialised cells known as choanocytes (choano = collar; cyte =cell). These are the cells that feed sponges. Each choanocyte, like choanoflagellates, possesses a collar of tentacles enclosing a single anterior flagellum. By undulating dozens of flagella, choanocytes generate a … Read more
24 min read 
Reproduction in Protista Methods of Reproduction in Protists The following paragraphs emphasise the two essential reproductive strategies of protists. The procedures are: A. Asexual Reproduction in Protists Mode of Asexual Reproduction In Protista 1. Binary Fission Mitosis is the division of the parent cell into two identical daughter cells. Examples: Amoeba, Euglena and Paramecium. 2. … Read more
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What is contraceptive? Definition of contraceptive A contraceptive is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy by intentionally interfering with the natural process of reproduction. Modern Contraceptive Technologies There are various modern contraceptive technologies available to individuals and couples for effective family planning. Here is a list of commonly used modern contraceptive technologies: Disadvanatages … Read more
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Wha do you mean by Assisted Reproductive Technology? Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) refers to a range of medical procedures and techniques used to help individuals or couples conceive a child when they are facing fertility challenges. ART methods involve the manipulation of human eggs, sperm, or embryos in a laboratory setting to facilitate conception. There … Read more
11 min read 
What is Infertility? Definition of Infertility Infertility is the inability to conceive or achieve a successful pregnancy after a year or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Causes of Infertility in Male There are several potential causes of infertility in males. Some common factors that can contribute to male infertility include: Causes of Infertility in … Read more
12 min read 
What is Reproductive System? The reproductive system, also known as the genital system or the reproductive tract, is a collection of organs and structures in the human body that are involved in the process of sexual reproduction. Its primary function is to produce, nurture, and deliver gametes (sex cells) and facilitate the union of sperm … Read more
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What is Gonad? Origin of Gonads Structure and Location of Gonads 1. Ovaries 2. Testes Gonadal hormones Female Gonad Hormones Female gonad hormones play a crucial role in the reproductive system and the development of female characteristics. The two major hormones produced by the ovaries are progesterone and estrogens. Overall, estrogens and progesterone are essential … Read more
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Evolution of Vertebrata Vertebrata Vertebrates, also known as Craniata or Osseo Batch, are animal species characterized by the presence of a backbone or vertebrae. They belong to the Subphylum Vertebrata within the Kingdom Animalia, which encompasses the broader group of chordates with a backbone. Vertebrates are part of the clade Olfactories, which is a monophyletic … Read more
0 revisions 25 min read 
What is Integument? The integument refers to the outermost covering of the body in animals, which includes the skin and its associated structures. The skin is the largest organ of the body and serves as a protective barrier between the internal organs and the external environment. In addition to the skin, the integument includes other … Read more
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What is Visceral Arches? Evolution of Visceral Arches Cyclostomes Elasmobranchs Bony fishes Amphibia Reptiles Birds Mammals Mammals, a diverse group of warm-blooded vertebrates, exhibit specific modifications in their skull, ear ossicles, and laryngeal structures that are distinct from other vertebrate groups. In mammals, the pterygoquadrate bone breaks into two parts: the alisphenoid, which becomes part … Read more