Virology

Virology is the scientific study of viruses and virus-like agents, focusing on their structure, classification, evolution, methods of infection, and interaction with host organisms. It encompasses research into the diseases caused by viruses, their transmission, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. As a subfield of microbiology, virology deals with a wide range of viruses, including those that affect humans, animals, plants, and even bacteria (bacteriophages).

Key areas of virology include:

Virus Structure and Classification: Understanding the molecular composition and organization of viruses, such as DNA or RNA viruses, enveloped or non-enveloped, and their shapes (icosahedral, helical, etc.).
Viral Replication: Studying how viruses reproduce by hijacking the cellular machinery of host cells, leading to the production of new viral particles.
Pathogenesis: Exploring how viruses cause diseases, affect the immune system, and interact with host cells.
Epidemiology: Tracking how viruses spread within populations and the factors that contribute to outbreaks and pandemics.
Vaccine and Antiviral Development: Developing preventive and therapeutic measures, including vaccines, antiviral drugs, and immune therapies to combat viral infections.

Virology has gained significant attention due to its role in understanding viruses such as HIV, influenza, coronaviruses (like SARS-CoV-2), and many others that affect global health.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) – Structure, Life cycle, Infection, Treatment

Published on November 13, 2024 By BNO Team Fact checked & reviewed by Sourav

What is Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)? Characteristics of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) TMV has a range of distinctive features that set it apart as a widespread and resilient plant virus, impacting several economically important crops, especially within the Solanaceae family. TMV’s combination of durability, wide host range, and ease of spread underscores the importance of … Read more

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) – Overview

Published on October 30, 2024 By BNO Team Fact checked & reviewed by Sourav

What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)? Classification of HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is classified into two primary types: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both types belong to the Retroviridae family, specifically under the genus Lentivirus. These viruses exhibit significant diversity, which is crucial for understanding their epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and treatment options. Morphology of HIV Virus … Read more

Virus – Structure, Origin, Replication, Classification, and Example.

Published on October 28, 2024 By BNO Team Fact checked & reviewed by BNO Team

What are Viruses? Origins of Viruses Viruses have likely existed since the earliest life forms and have evolved alongside cellular organisms. Due to their lack of fossil records, the origins of viruses remain unclear, and scientists use molecular biology techniques to explore their evolutionary history. Three primary hypotheses attempt to explain how viruses may have … Read more

Animal Cell Culture – Types, Application, Advantages and disadvantages.

Published on September 22, 2024 By BNO Team Fact checked & reviewed by BNO Team

Tissue Culture is the term used to describe the process of removing tissues, cells or organs from either a plant or animal and their subsequent transfer into an artificial environment that encourages development.

Retrovirus – Definition, Types, Structure, Replication

Published on August 5, 2024 By BNO Team Fact checked & reviewed by Sourav

What is a Retrovirus? Definition of Retrovirus A retrovirus is a type of RNA virus that replicates by converting its RNA genome into DNA through the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This DNA is then integrated into the host cell’s genome, where it directs the production of new viral particles. Retroviruses are associated with various diseases, including … Read more

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)

Published on April 14, 2024 By BNO Team Fact checked & reviewed by BNO Team

Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are highly host-adapted viruses that can cause a variety of diseases in human hosts. (a) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and (b) herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are the two forms of HSVs (HSV-2). Both types share DNA homology, antigenic determinants, tissue tropism, and illness symptoms, but their epidemiology … Read more

Influenza A Virus – Structure, Genome, Replication, Treatment, Prevention

Last Updated May 7, 2024 • 0 revisions By BNO Team Fact checked & reviewed by BNO Team

What is Influenza Virus? Classification of Influenza Virus Influenza viruses are often classified into three species: influenza A, influenza B, and influenza C. Only types A and B are relevant to human health. Despite the fact that both viruses are capable of infecting humans, genus A often causes widespread disease and epidemics. Influenza A Virus … Read more

Polio Virus – Structure, Genome, Replicationm, Pathogenesis

Published on April 14, 2024 By BNO Team Fact checked & reviewed by BNO Team

Polio Virus Structure of Polio Virus In summary, the poliovirus is a small, simple virus that contains a naked RNA genome enclosed in a protein shell. The capsid is composed of four structural proteins that form the basic building blocks of the capsid. The virus does not have a lipid envelope and is insensitive to … Read more

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus

Published on April 14, 2024 By BNO Team Fact checked & reviewed by BNO Team

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Structure of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Genome of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Transmission of disease Replication of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Signs and symptoms of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) Virus Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral infection that can cause inflammation of the brain. Symptoms of JE virus infection can range from mild … Read more

Varicella Zoster Virus – Definition, Structure, Genome, Replication

Published on April 14, 2024 By BNO Team Fact checked & reviewed by BNO Team

Varicella zoster virus Varicella, also known as chickenpox, is an infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The virus causes chickenpox (typically primary infection in non-immune hosts) and herpes zoster or shingles (after reactivation of latent infection). Chickenpox causes a rash consisting of small, itchy lesions that scab over. It begins on the chest, … Read more