Primer – Definition, Primer Design, Types, Online Tools, Uses

Primer - Definition, Primer Design, Types, Online Tools, Uses

What is Primer? Types of Primers There are two main types of primers: DNA primers and RNA primers. DNA primers are commonly used in vitro, specifically for PCR amplification and DNA sequencing. On the other hand, RNA primers are utilized in in vivo processes like DNA replication and cloning. 1. DNA Primers: 2. RNA Primers: … Read more

General Protocol for Western Blotting

General Protocol for Western Blotting

Principle of Western blotting The principle of Western blotting involves the separation of proteins based on their size through gel electrophoresis, followed by the transfer of the separated proteins onto a solid support (blotting), and the detection of the target protein using specific antibodies (detection). In the first step, gel electrophoresis, proteins are separated based on … Read more

Translational regulation – Definition, Mechanism

Translational regulation - Definition, Mechanism

What is Translational regulation? In conclusion, translational regulation is a vital process that controls protein synthesis levels by modulating the initiation, elongation, and termination stages of translation. It enables rapid cellular adjustments in response to various stimuli and is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Understanding the mechanisms and factors involved in translational regulation contributes to … Read more

Transposable elements – Definition, Types, Examples, Application

Transposable elements - Definition, Types, Examples, Application

Barbara McClintock discovered the first transgenic elements in maize (Zea mays) at New York’s Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. McClintock was conducting experiments on maize seedlings with broken chromosomes. McClintock planted self-pollinating corn kernels during the winter of 1944–1945, indicating that the silk (style) of the flower received pollen from its own anther.These kernels originated from … Read more

Anticodon – Definition, Principle, Functions, Examples

Anticodon - Definition, Principle, Functions, Examples

What is an Anticodon? Anticodons play a crucial role in protein production by ensuring that the correct amino acids are incorporated in the appropriate positions. These sequences of nucleotides are found within transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. tRNAs act as carriers, bringing the specific amino acids that match the instructions encoded in the messenger RNA (mRNA) … Read more

Topoisomerase – Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Mechanism

Topoisomerase - Definition, Structure, Types, Functions, Mechanism

James Wang discovered the first DNA topoisomerase in bacteria in 1971, initially naming it ω (omega) protein; it is now known as Escherichia coli (E. coli) topoisomerase I (topo I) and is a member of the type IA family of enzymes. Subsequently, James Champoux and Renato Dulbecco discovered an analogous activity in eukaryotic cells (rat liver); the … Read more

Translation In Eukaryotes – Protein synthesis in Eukaryotic

Eukaryotic Translation

Before going through Eukaryotic Translation steps, please take a look at our previous article Prokaryotic Translation Steps, Requirements, to check the components required for the translation procedure. Protein synthesis in eukaryotes, which includes organisms such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists, involves a complex process that occurs in two main stages: transcription and translation. Here’s … Read more

DNA Methylation – Definition, Mechanisms, Functions

DNA Methylation - Definition, Mechanisms, Functions

What is DNA Methylation? DNA Methylation Definition DNA methylation is an epigenetic process in which a methyl group (CH3) is added to the DNA molecule. This modification primarily occurs at the 5-carbon position of the cytosine ring, resulting in the formation of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC). It is considered one of the major mechanisms for regulating gene … Read more

DNA Fingerprinting – Definition, Steps, Methods, Applications

DNA Fingerprinting - Definition, Steps, Methods, Applications

In the world of genetics, there exists a remarkable technique that allows us to unlock the mysteries hidden within our DNA. DNA fingerprinting, also known as DNA profiling, is a laboratory genetic method that has revolutionized the way we identify individuals, establish relationships, and investigate crimes. By analyzing specific regions of our unique genetic code, … Read more

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