Genetics is the branch of biology that studies genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. It explores how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes, which are segments of DNA that carry instructions for building and maintaining an organism.
Key areas in genetics include:
What is Crossing over? Definition of Crossing over Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis, resulting in new combinations of genes. Characteristics of Crossing over At which stage Crossing over occurs? Types of Crossing over Crossing over can be categorized based on its … Read more
What is Two-Point Cross? A two-point cross is a genetic mapping technique used to determine the recombination frequency between two specific genes located on the same chromosome. In this method, a test cross is performed between a heterozygous individual (carrying two different alleles for the genes of interest) and a homozygous recessive individual (which has … Read more
What is Linkage? Definition of Genetic Linkage Genetic linkage is the tendency for genes located on the same chromosome to be inherited together due to their physical proximity. Exploring Terms Related to Genetic Linkage Characteristic of Linked Genes Linked genes are genes that are located close together on the same chromosome and tend to be … Read more
What is Pedigree? What is Pedigree Analysis? Pedigree Analysis Definition Pedigree analysis is a genetic tool used to trace the inheritance patterns of traits or disorders through generations of a family, helping to predict the likelihood of their occurrence in offspring based on familial history. Basic Steps of Pedigree Analysis Pedigree analysis involves several systematic … Read more
What is Sex Determination? Definition of Sex Determination Sex determination is the biological process that establishes whether an individual will develop as male or female, typically governed by genetic, environmental, or a combination of factors. It involves mechanisms that direct the differentiation of gonads and the subsequent development of sexual characteristics. Methods for Sex Determination … Read more
What is Sex-linked Inheritance? Methods for Sex-linked inheritance Sex-linked inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic traits that are carried on the sex chromosomes, specifically the X or Y chromosome. These traits are inherited differently than those located on the autosomal chromosomes due to the unique nature of sex chromosome behavior. The two main categories … Read more
What is Chromosome? What is Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance? Observations of Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance provided a clear link between the behavior of chromosomes and Mendel’s laws of inheritance. It was supported by a series of critical observations that connected chromosomal behavior during meiosis with the inheritance patterns Mendel described. … Read more
What is Pleiotropism? Short Definition of Pleiotropism Pleiotropism refers to the phenomenon where a single gene or mutation affects multiple, seemingly unrelated traits or physiological processes. This occurs when one genetic change leads to a range of different effects across various aspects of an organism’s phenotype. Types of pleiotropy Examples of Pleiotropism Significance of Pleiotropism
What is Cytoplasmic or Extra-Nuclear Inheritance? Cytoplasmic inheritance, also known as extrachromosomal or extranuclear inheritance, refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus but rather in the cytoplasm of a cell. This type of inheritance contrasts with Mendelian inheritance, which involves nuclear genes. In cytoplasmic inheritance, the genetic information … Read more
What is Chi-square Test? Formula of chi-square The Chi-square test is symbolically represented as [latex] \chi^2 [/latex], and the formula for comparing variances is: Where: Similarly, when the Chi-square test is used as a non-parametric test for goodness of fit or testing independence, the following formula is applied: Where: Properties of the Chi-Square Test The … Read more
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