Sourav Pan

Academic Writer, Microbiology Specialist | M.Sc. Microbiology, Calcutta University, Founder of Biologynotesonline.com

Sourav is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Master’s degree in Microbiology from Calcutta University and has over 5 years of experience in academic writing, life science content creation. His content reflects hands-on lab expertise, deep subject knowledge, and a strong passion for simplifying biology for students. Whether it’s genetics, microscopy, or metabolic pathways — Sourav explains it in a way that’s accurate, exam-focused, and easy to remember. He regularly updates and fact-checks all the material published on this site, ensuring students get trustworthy and updated biology notes with references to real scientific sources.

Phylum Hemichordata – Definition, Classification, Characteristics, Examples

• Published on March 31, 2024 • 32 min readby Sourav Pan

Definition of Phylum Hemichordata Phylum Hemichordata is a small marine phylum of worm-like animals known as Acorn Worms. They are distinct from chordates and serve as important connecting links between vertebrates and invertebrates. Characteristics of Phylum Hemichordata Phylum Hemichordata exhibits the following characteristics: Some examples of Hemichordata include Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus, Rhabdopleura, Atubaria, and Dendrograptus. In … Read more

Phylum Arthropoda – Definition, Classification, Characteristics, Examples

• Published on March 31, 2024 • 45 min readby Sourav Pan

Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Clade: ParaHoxozoa Clade: Bilateria Clade: Nephrozoa (unranked): Protostomia Superphylum: Ecdysozoa (unranked): Panarthropoda (unranked): Tactopoda Phylum: Arthropoda What is Phylum Arthropoda? Definition of Arthropoda (Arthropods) The Arthropods belong to the bilaterally symmetrical, metamerically separated, triploblastic creatures with a coelom that is diminished and altered. Their body is externally covered in an exoskeleton … Read more

Proteins – Structure, Properties, Type, Denaturation, Functions

• Last Updated April 1, 2024 • 0 revisions • 29 min readby Sourav Pan

What are Proteins? Definition of Proteins Proteins are large, complex molecules composed of amino acid chains that perform a vast array of functions in living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, providing structural support, and facilitating cell signaling and transport. Properties of Proteins Synthesis of peptides Peptides are short chains composed of amino acids. These chains, … Read more

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors – Definition, Mechanism, Examples

• Published on March 31, 2024 • 13 min readby Sourav Pan

What are Protein Synthesis Inhibitors? Types of Protein synthesis inhibitors On the basis of target organisms inhibitor of protein synthesis is categories as follows- 1. Acting only on prokaryotes 2. Acting on prokaryotes and Eukaryotes 3. Acting only on Eukaryotes Mechanism of Protein synthesis inhibitors Protein synthesis, a core biological process, occurs at the ribosomal … Read more

Four Types of Protein Structure With Diagram – Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary

• Last Updated April 1, 2024 • 0 revisions • 24 min readby Sourav Pan

Proteins, as complex biological molecules, play an essential role in the myriad of processes in living organisms. Consisting of amino acids, proteins can be envisioned as polypeptide structures formed through long chains of these amino acid residues. Therefore, it’s not surprising that they are one of the most abundant organic molecules present in living beings. … Read more

Lipids – Definition, Structure, Properties, Types, Functions, Examples

• Last Updated April 1, 2024 • 0 revisions • 45 min readby Sourav Pan

What are Lipids? Definition of Lipids Lipids are a group of organic compounds, insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents, that serve as energy storage molecules, cell membrane components, and play roles in signaling and insulation. Properties of Lipids Physical Properties of Lipids Chemical Properties of Lipids Physical Properties Chemical Properties Soluble in … Read more

Classification of Lipid

• Last Updated April 1, 2024 • 0 revisions • 13 min readby Sourav Pan

What are lipids? Classification of Lipids Based on the Chemical Composition 1. Simple Lipids Simple lipids are fundamental components in the realm of biological molecules. They primarily consist of neutral fats and oils, as well as waxes. These lipids play crucial roles in various biological processes, especially in energy storage and insulation. 2. Compound Lipids … Read more

Oxidative Phosphorylation – Definition, Steps, Enzymes, Factors

• Last Updated April 1, 2024 • 0 revisions • 34 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation? Definition of Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic process that occurs in the mitochondria, where energy derived from the electron transport chain is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate, with oxygen acting as the final electron acceptor. Sites of oxidative phosphorylation in ETC … Read more

cGMP Pathway – Definition, Steps, Functions, Regulation

• Last Updated April 1, 2024 • 0 revisions • 22 min readby Sourav Pan

The cGMP pathway, short for cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway, is a crucial signaling mechanism in cells. It involves the synthesis of cGMP from GTP (guanosine triphosphate) through the action of the enzyme guanylate cyclase. cGMP acts as a secondary messenger, similar to cyclic AMP (cAMP), and plays a vital role in various physiological processes. One … Read more

Photosystem I (PS1) – Structure, Functions

• Last Updated April 1, 2024 • 0 revisions • 28 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Photosystem I (PS1)? Definition of Photosystem I (PS1) Photosystem I (PSI) is a crucial protein complex in oxygenic photosynthesis, primarily found in algae, plants, and cyanobacteria. It functions by capturing light energy to drive the transfer of electrons across the thylakoid membrane, from plastocyanin to ferredoxin. This process contributes to the synthesis of … Read more