Sourav Pan

Academic Writer, Microbiology Specialist | M.Sc. Microbiology, Calcutta University, Founder of Biologynotesonline.com

Sourav is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Master’s degree in Microbiology from Calcutta University and has over 5 years of experience in academic writing, life science content creation. His content reflects hands-on lab expertise, deep subject knowledge, and a strong passion for simplifying biology for students. Whether it’s genetics, microscopy, or metabolic pathways — Sourav explains it in a way that’s accurate, exam-focused, and easy to remember. He regularly updates and fact-checks all the material published on this site, ensuring students get trustworthy and updated biology notes with references to real scientific sources.

Transport of Ions across cell membrane – Active and passive transport, carriers, channels and pumps

• Published on September 5, 2024 • 18 min readby Sourav Pan

The transport of ions across the cell membrane is a fundamental process necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The plasma membrane, acting as a selectively permeable barrier, allows certain substances to enter or leave the cell, ensuring proper balance between the intracellular and extracellular environments. This selectivity is crucial for the regulation of essential molecules such … Read more

Mineral Nutrition in Plants – Types, Absorption, Functions

• Published on September 4, 2024 • 35 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Mineral Nutrition? Criteria for Essential Minerals in Plants The following points outline the criteria used to determine the essentiality of an element: Criteria for Determining Essential Elements Types of Essential Nutrients Below are the primary types of essential nutrients: Essential Mineral Elements in Plants Below is a detailed explanation of these categories and … Read more

What is Plant Water Relation?

• Last Updated September 5, 2024 • 0 revisions • 41 min readby Sourav Pan

What are Plant-water Relations? Importance of water to plants Properties of Water Property Value and Units Cohesive Strength >25 MPa Surface Tension 0.073 N m⁻¹ at 20°C Viscosity 0.0018 Pa s at 0°C 0.0010 Pa s at 20°C Diffusion Coefficient of Small Solutes ∼1×10⁻⁹ m² s⁻¹ Molar Volume (Pure Water at 20°C) 1.81×10⁻⁵ m³ mol⁻¹ … Read more

Embryo Development of Dicot and monocot embryo

• Published on September 4, 2024 • 28 min readby Sourav Pan

Development of the endosperm of (a) a monocot grain (maize) and (b) a dicot seed (Arabidopsis)

What is Embryo Development in Plants? Development of the embryo (Embryogenesis) The development of the embryo in angiosperms, known as embryogenesis, is a complex and highly regulated process that transforms a diploid oospore (zygote) into a mature embryo. This process involves several key stages and can be categorized into different types based on the patterns … Read more

Top 8 Book for Biodiversity

• Last Updated November 29, 2024 • 0 revisions • 1 min readby Sourav Pan

8 Best Book for Biodiversity (Microbes, Algae, Fungi and Archegoniate)

Discover the top 8 books that provide comprehensive insights into biodiversity, covering microbes, algae, fungi, and archegoniate plants. These recommended reads are essential for anyone interested in the intricate world of microscopic life forms and their crucial roles in ecosystems. From foundational texts to advanced guides, this list offers valuable resources for students, researchers, and … Read more

Differences Between Polyembryony and Apomixis

• Published on September 3, 2024 • 8 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Polyembryony? What is Apomixis? Characteristics of Apomixis Characteristics of Polyembryony Differences Between and Apomixis Characteristics of Apomixis vs. Polyembryony Category Apomixis Polyembryony Offspring The offspring are genetically identical to the parent plant. This is because the embryos are produced asexually from the parent’s cells. The offspring can either be genetically identical or genetically … Read more

Polyembryony – Definition, Types, Functions, Examples

• Published on September 3, 2024 • 34 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Polyembryony? Definition of Polyembryony Polyembryony is the development of multiple embryos from a single ovule or seed, resulting in several embryos within the same seed, which are genetically identical to each other but distinct from the parent plant. Types of Polyembryony Polyembryony can be classified based on various criteria including the source of … Read more

Apomixis – Definition, Types, Functions, Examples

• Published on September 3, 2024 • 25 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Apomixis? Definition of Apomixis Apomixis is a form of asexual reproduction in plants where seeds or embryos are produced without fertilization, resulting in offspring that are genetic clones of the parent plant. Characteristics of Apomixis Here is the Characteristics of Apomixis; Types of Apomixis Apomixis encompasses several distinct types of asexual reproduction in … Read more

Endosperm – Types, Development, Functions, Examples

• Last Updated September 3, 2024 • 0 revisions • 23 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Endosperm? Definition of Endosperm The endosperm is a tissue found in seeds of flowering plants that provides nourishment to the developing embryo. It is formed from the fertilization of a secondary nucleus by a sperm cell and can vary in structure, including nuclear, cellular, or ruminate types, depending on the plant species. Characteristic … Read more

Seed Dispersal – Methods, Agents, Significance, Examples

• Published on September 2, 2024 • 13 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Seed Dispersal? Types of Seed Dispersal Seed dispersal is a critical process for plant reproduction, ensuring that seeds are spread to new locations where they can germinate and grow. Various methods have evolved, each adapted to different environmental conditions and ecological interactions. The primary types of seed dispersal include: Agents of Seed Dispersal … Read more