Sourav Pan

Academic Writer, Microbiology Specialist | M.Sc. Microbiology, Calcutta University, Founder of Biologynotesonline.com

Sourav is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Master’s degree in Microbiology from Calcutta University and has over 5 years of experience in academic writing, life science content creation. His content reflects hands-on lab expertise, deep subject knowledge, and a strong passion for simplifying biology for students. Whether it’s genetics, microscopy, or metabolic pathways — Sourav explains it in a way that’s accurate, exam-focused, and easy to remember. He regularly updates and fact-checks all the material published on this site, ensuring students get trustworthy and updated biology notes with references to real scientific sources.

Charophyta – General Characteristics, Occurrence, Morphology, Cell Structure And Life-cycle of Chara

• Last Updated July 28, 2025 • 1 revisions • 18 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Charophyta? General Characteristics of Charophyta Below are the key characteristics that define Charophyta: Occurrence of Charophyta Charophyta, particularly the genus Chara, is prevalent in various aquatic environments, primarily thriving in freshwater ecosystems. Understanding the occurrence of charophytes provides insight into their ecological roles and adaptability to diverse habitats. The following points outline the … Read more

Chlorophyta – Characteristics, Occurrence, Thallus organization, Structure and Reproduction

• Published on October 7, 2024 • 35 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Chlorophyta? Important features of Chlorophyta Below is a detailed breakdown of the key features of Chlorophyta: Cell structure of Chlorophyta Chlorophyta, or green algae, exhibit a wide range of structural features at the cellular level, which contribute to their adaptability and function in diverse environments. Below are key structural elements that define their … Read more

Blood pressure and its regulation

• Published on October 6, 2024 • 9 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Blood pressure? Factors Regulating Blood Pressure The regulation of blood pressure is a complex and dynamic process that involves multiple systems working together to maintain homeostasis. Even under normal physiological conditions, arterial blood pressure can exhibit variability. However, the body employs four primary regulatory systems to ensure that blood pressure remains within acceptable … Read more

Electrocardiogram (ECG) – Purpose, Principle, Parts, Types, Procedure, Application

• Published on October 6, 2024 • 25 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Electrocardiogram (ECG)? Purpose of ECG Test The electrocardiogram (ECG) test is a fundamental diagnostic tool utilized in cardiology to assess the heart’s electrical activity and rhythm. Its purposes are multifaceted, enabling healthcare providers to detect, diagnose, and monitor various cardiac conditions effectively. Working principle of electrocardiograph/Electrocardiogram Waves of Normal ECG A normal electrocardiogram … Read more

Regulation of Heart Rate – Nervous And Chemical Regulation

• Published on October 6, 2024 • 8 min readby Sourav Pan

The regulation of heart rate is a critical component of cardiovascular physiology, influencing overall heart function and health. Heart rate (HR) is defined as the number of times the heart beats within a minute. Together with stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a single contraction, heart rate … Read more

Frank-Starling Law of the heart

• Published on October 6, 2024 • 11 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Frank-Starling Law? Mechanism of the Frank-Starling mechanism The mechanism underlying left ventricular performance is intricately linked to the Frank-Starling Law, which establishes the relationship between preload and cardiac output. This relationship can be observed through the Frank-Starling curves, which depict how variations in left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) or pressure influence stroke volume … Read more

Cardiac Conduction – Cardiovascular System Physiology

• Published on October 6, 2024 • 27 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Heart Conduction System? Components of Heart Conduction System The heart conduction system is a specialized network that plays a critical role in maintaining the heart’s rhythm and ensuring effective blood circulation throughout the body. This system consists of various components, each with unique functions that contribute to the synchronized contraction of the heart … Read more

Cardiac Cycle Phases, Duration and Diagram

• Published on October 6, 2024 • 20 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Cardiac Cycle? Cardiac Cycle Phases The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occurs from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next. This cycle consists of two primary phases: ventricular contraction, known as systole, and ventricular relaxation, referred to as diastole. Each of these phases can be … Read more

Myocardium – Definition, Structure, Functions

• Published on October 6, 2024 • 15 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Myocardium? Definition of Myocardium The myocardium is the thick, muscular middle layer of the heart wall, located between the epicardium and endocardium. It is primarily composed of cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) that enable the heart to contract and pump blood throughout the body. Layers in the Walls of the Heart The heart, a … Read more

Conducting System of Heart Beat

• Published on October 6, 2024 • 9 min readby Sourav Pan

Overview of Heart Conduction The conduction system of the heart is a complex network that orchestrates the electrical signals required for heart muscle contraction. This system ensures that the heart beats in a coordinated manner, facilitating efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The process begins with the generation of an electrical signal, which propagates through … Read more