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Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) – Definition, Importance, Measurement

11 min readby
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Definition, Importance, Measurement

Biological oxygen demand refers to the amount of oxygen required by bacteria and other microorganisms to decompose organic matter under aerobic (oxygen present) conditions at a certain temperature (BOD). The greater the concentration of organic contaminants in the water, the greater the oxygen demand of the bacteria. Consequently, the level of contamination in a body … Read more

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) – Definition, Measurement, Uses

8 min readby
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) - Definition, Measurement, Uses

Chemical oxygen demand, or COD, indicates the amount of oxygen that can be used by processes in a measured solution. It is often expressed as the mass of oxygen utilised per unit of solution volume, or milligrammes per litre (mg/L) in SI units. The most common application of COD is determining the quantity of oxidizable … Read more

Degradation of Hydrocarbons (oil spills)

37 min readby
Degradation of Hydrocarbons (oil spills)

Types of Hydrocarbon Crude petroleum HCs can be categorised as alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, polycyclic aromatics, asphaltines, and resins. Alkanes Cycloalkanes  Aromatic HCs Polycyclic aromatic HC Asphaltines and resins Effects of Hydrocarbon The ecological and/or economic effects of direct or indirect exposure of live creatures to hydrocarbon molecules can vary. Principles of Bioremediation Oil Spill Cleaning … Read more

Waste Source, Definition, Types, Impacts

18 min readby
Waste Source, Definition, Types, Impacts

What is waste?  Types of Waste Based on its physical properties On the basis of their physical features, trash can be classified as solid waste (such as garbage), liquid waste (such as wastewater), and gaseous waste. Based on pattern of use Based on the pattern of use, it can be classified into  Based on source … Read more

Liquid Waste Management

21 min readby
Liquid Waste Management

Fluid wastes consisting of sewage and residential wastewater, or treated water or other liquids, generated by industrial operations, particularly in the pulp and paper industry, the food processing industry, and the chemical manufacturing industry. What is Liquid Waste Management? Characteristics of Sewage/Liquid Waste In sewage, the death of oxygen-dependent organisms such as aerobic microbes, plants, … Read more

Sewage Treatment – Wastewater Treatment Procedure

28 min readby
Sewage Treatment - Wastewater Treatment Procedure

Wastewater treatment or Sewage Treatment  Characteristics of Wastewater  Chemical Characteristics  Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Microbiological Character Wastewater Treatment Process Diverse wastewater treatment technologies exist. We shall explain the treatment methods as they pertain to two distinct circumstances: (1) a single home or unit structure, and (2) a community or municipality. 1. Single Dwelling Unit Anaerobic … Read more

Degradation of Pesticides – Types, Mechanisms

23 min readby
Degradation of Pesticides - Types, Mechanisms

What are Pesticides? any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of plants or animals, causing harm during or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, storage, transport, or marketing of food, agricultural commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs; … Read more

Phytoremediation – Definition, Types, Mechanisms

20 min readby
Phytoremediation - Definition, Types, Mechanisms

What is Phytoremediation? Types of Phytoremediation There are three varieties of phytoremediation: 1. In situ phytoremediation Advantages of In situ phytoremediation Disadvantages of In situ phytoremediation 2. In-vivo phytoremediation with relocated contaminants 3. In vitro phytoremediation Processes Of Phytoremediation Phytoremediation is based on certain natural processes carried out by plants, such as:  Mechanisms of phytoremediation … Read more

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

17 min readby
 Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)

What is Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)? Mechanism of action of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) The synthesis of different chemicals alters the entire microbial community in the rhizosphere niche to facilitate PGPR-mediated plant growth promotion. In general, PGPR stimulates plant growth either directly by enabling resource acquisition (nitrogen, phosphorus, and critical minerals) or indirectly … Read more

Bioaccumulation – Definition, Mechanisms, Applications

10 min readby
Bioaccumulation - Definition, Mechanisms, Applications

What is Bioaccumulation? Definitions of Bioaccumulation Bioaccumulation (increase in chemical concentration) is the process of chemical accumulation in an organism over time. Bioaccumulation, as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, is the accumulation of a chemical in an organism due to direct uptake from the environmental matrix (bioconcentration) and uptake from … Read more

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