Editorial Team
What is the humoral immune response/What is humoral immune response? Humoral immunity definition Humoral immunity, also known as the humoral immune response, refers to the branch of the immune system that produces antibodies in response to extracellular pathogens and foreign substances, primarily mediated by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells in the body’s extracellular fluids. History The … Read more
Tumors Tumor Antigens Some Antigens Are Tumor-Specific Antigens unique to cancers caused by chemical or physical carcinogens, as well as some virally induced malignancies, have been found. It is particularly difficult to demonstrate the presence of tumor-specific antigens on spontaneously developing tumours since the immune response to such tumours destroys all of the tumour cells … Read more
What is Cancer Immunotherapy? Manipulation of Co-Stimulatory Signals Can Enhance Immunity Enhancement of APC Activity Can Modulate Tumor Immunity Cytokine Therapy Can Augment Immune Responses to Tumors Interferons Tumor Necrosis Factors In Vitro–Activated LAK And TIL Cells Treatment with Monoclonal Antibodies Key Facts
What is Fermentation media? For a good output of product during a fermentation process, the selection of the optimal microorganisms and fermentation media is crucial. As it provides nutrients and energy for the growth of microorganisms, the quality of fermentation media is vital. This medium serves as a substrate for the production of a product … Read more
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) is a type of electrophoresis technique that uses a narrow capillary to separate charged molecules (ions) based on their migration towards electrodes under the influence of an electric field. It is a high-resolution and fast method for the analysis of small molecules, DNA, and proteins. The importance of CE lies in its … Read more
What is Flow Cytometry? Definition of Flow cytometry Flow cytometry is a laser-based technology used to analyze and measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles in a fluid mixture. It provides rapid and quantitative information about cell size, complexity, and fluorescence intensity, enabling various applications in research and clinical settings. Purpose of flow … Read more
In 1896, two bacteriologists, Herbert Edward Durham and Max von Gruber, independently discovered specific agglutination. In honour of the discoverers, this reaction was given the name GruberDurham reaction. Later, Gruber designated as “agglutinin” any chemical that induced an agglutination reaction (from the Latin). Fernand Widal (1862–1929) employed agglutination to diagnose typhoid disease in the same … Read more
What is Opsonization? Opsonization Definition Opsonization is the process of coating antigens with molecules called opsonins, which mark them for recognition and engulfment by immune cells, enhancing the efficiency of the immune response. Mechanism of Opsonization The mechanism was usually divided into two main pathways, antibody-mediated opsonization and complement-mediated opsonization. Both systems worked separately but … Read more
Basophils are an immunological cell type that release enzyme-containing granules during allergic responses and asthma crises. Basophil is a type of white blood cell that, together with neutrophils and eosinophils, belongs to the granulocytes category. They contain several chemicals, including histamine and heparin. As part of the body’s immune response, basophils degranulate (split open) to … Read more
Phagocytosis refers to the process in which cells consume large particles (>0.5 micrometers) and vesicle-bound membrane vesicles known as phagosomes. These vesicles are then directed to the lysosomes where they will be subjected to enzymatic degrading. Optonization of bacteria can greatly enhance phagocytosis. Although phagocytosis may occur without the attachment of an IgG or complement fragment (C3), it can be greatly enhanced by attaching a specific IgG.
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