A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that generates images by scanning the surface of a specimen with a concentrated beam of electrons. Electrons interact with atoms in the sample, generating signals that carry information about the sample’s surface topography and composition. The electron beam is scanned in a raster scan … Read more
What is phase contrast microscopy? A phase contrast microscopy converts slight differences in refractive index and cell density into easily detected variation in light intensity to observe living cells. This microscope is used for visualization of cell culture and live cells. Living cells can be observed without any staining. Unstained specimens have absorbed no light, … Read more
Confocal microscopy has various advantages over conventional optical microscopy, including a short depth of field, the elimination of out-of-focus glare, and the ability to collect optical slices serially from thick specimens. A prominent use of confocal microscopy in the biomedical sciences is the imaging of either fixed or live cells and tissues that have typically … Read more
Stereo microscopes, in contrast to compound light microscopes, often employ reflected illumination, or light reflected off an object’s surface, rather than transmitted (diascopic) illumination. When a specimen is too thick or opaque for compound microscopy, reflected light from the object enables for investigation. Unlike a compound microscope, transmitted illumination in most stereo microscopes is not … Read more
A microscope is a scientific instrument that is used to magnify the image of an object or sample in order to study its structure or features in detail. Microscopes are commonly used in scientific and medical research, as well as in education and other applications, to study small structures and organisms that are not visible … Read more
What is Agrobacterium? Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Transfer Factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Transfer Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is a widely used technique for introducing foreign DNA into plants. However, successful gene transfer depends on several factors, including: Why transform plants using Agrobacterium? Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is a preferred method for transforming plants for several reasons: Overall, Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is a … Read more
Organic waste adds to greenhouse gas emissions, soil and water contamination, and other environmental problems. Composting, anaerobic digestion, and vermicomposting are among the methods that can be used to manage organic waste. What is Organic waste? Organic waste refers to any waste material that originates from living organisms or their byproducts. This waste can be … Read more
What is lignin? Structure of lignin Biological function of lignin Factors affecting lignin degradation The degradation of lignin is influenced by a variety of factors. Some of the important factors that affect lignin degradation are: Lignin-degradating Microorganisms The biological breakdown of lignin is an extremely crucial component of the intricate carbon and oxygen cycle that … Read more
What is cellulose? (C6H10O5)n Cellulose Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass 162.1406 g/mol Density 1.5 g/cm³ Appears White powder Melting Point 260–270 °C Properties of cellulose Structure of cellulose Commercial applications of cellulose What are cellulases? Factors affecting cellulose degradation Microorganisms involved in cellulose degradation/cellulolytic microorganisms Cellulose degradation is primarily carried out by cellulolytic microorganisms, which are … Read more
In microbiology, the phyllosphere is the complete above-ground plant surface seen as a microorganism habitat. Other subdivisions of the phyllosphere include the caulosphere (stems), phylloplane (leaves), anthosphere (flowers), and carposphere (roots) (fruits). The rhizosphere and laimosphere are the below-ground microbial habitats (i.e., the thin volume of soil surrounding root or subterranean stem surfaces). The majority … Read more
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