The most commonly used equipment is inoculation needles, transfer loops, inoculation, Bunsen burner, autoclave (or pressure cooker) incubators, hot air oven centrifuge, spectrophotometer magnetic stirrer electric shaker and rotary shaker heating plate, heating mantle distillation plant, UV-lamp carbon dioxide cylinder, water-bath and a single-pan balance that has weights (for general use) chemical balance, fine analytical … Read more

Crystallography using X-rays is a highly effective non-destructive method for determining how molecules form the crystal. The X-ray crystallography technique utilizes the principles of X-ray diffraction in order to examine the specimen, however it’s conducted in a variety of directions, so it is possible that the 3-D structures of the sample can be constructed. It … Read more

What is Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)? Working Principle of Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), also known as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), is a sophisticated analytical technique that explores the behavior of electrons in atoms or molecules that possess at least one unpaired electron. Unpaired electrons, owing to their spin, exhibit magnetic properties … Read more

What is Chromatography? Definition of Chromatography Chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in a solution or suspension or as a vapor (as in gas chromatography) through a medium in which the components move at different rates. How does Chromatography work? Applications Of Chromatography Chromatography is a versatile … Read more

What is spectroscopy? Types of Spectroscopy Spectroscopy encompasses a broad range of techniques based on the interaction between light and matter, each with its own unique applications and principles. Here’s an overview of some key types: Each spectroscopic method brings unique insights into the physical, chemical, and structural properties of materials, finding applications across science, … Read more

Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of compounds. There are several different types of chromatography, including gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and paper chromatography, each of which uses a different method to separate the components of a mixture. For example, in gas chromatography, a mixture is vaporized and then passed through a … Read more

What is Ultracentrifuge? Definition of Ultracentrifuge An ultracentrifuge is an advanced centrifuge that operates at extremely high speeds to separate smaller molecules and particles based on their density. Principle of Ultracentrifuge The principle underlying the operation of an ultracentrifuge is based on the same fundamental principle as other centrifuges. It utilizes the concept of sedimentation, … Read more

What is chromatography? Chromatography Definition Chromatography is a laboratory technique used to separate, identify, and purify the components of a mixture based on their differential affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Chromatography Overview “Chromatography” is an analytical method that is used to separate the chemical mixture into its constituents in order that … Read more

What is Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis? Principle of Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) The principle of Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) is based on the separation of proteins according to their net charge, size, and shape in their native structure. The technique takes advantage of the fact that most proteins carry a net negative charge … Read more

Microbiology laboratories require well-built rooms that are equipped with tools, glassware and equipment. Test tubes, culture tubes, Petri dishes and Erlenmeyer flasks are the most important types of glassware in a microbiological lab. 1. Test tube, culture tube and screw-capped tubes 2. Petri dish 3. Pipette 4. Pasteur pipette 5. Erlenmeyer flasks 6. Volumetric flasks … Read more