Rhizosphere – Definition, Microflora, Structure, Importance

Rhizosphere - Definition, Microflora, Structure, Importance

The rhizosphere is the narrow zone of soil that surrounds plant roots, acting as a bustling hub of biological and chemical activity. Imagine it as a dynamic marketplace where roots, microbes, and soil particles constantly interact. Plants release a mix of sugars, acids, and other organic compounds through their roots—a process often called “root exudation.” … Read more

Dutch elm disease (DED) – Cause, Lifecycle, Spread, Management

Dutch elm disease (DED)

What is Dutch elm disease (DED)? Dutch elm disease, often called DED, is a nasty problem for elm trees. It’s caused by a type of fungus that gets carried around by tiny beetles. When these beetles munch on healthy trees, they leave behind fungal spores that grow inside the tree’s veins—the parts that move water … Read more

Fusarium Wilt – Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis

Fusarium Wilt of Tomato

What is Fusarium Wilt? Fusarium wilt is a plant disease that’s been giving gardeners and farmers headaches for ages. It’s caused by a sneaky soil-dwelling fungus called Fusarium oxysporum, which basically invades a plant’s roots and starts clogging up its internal plumbing. Imagine the plant’s vascular system—the tiny tubes that move water and nutrients—getting blocked by … Read more

Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer – Mechanism, Applications, Advantages

Agrobacterium-Mediated Gene Transfer - Mechanism, Applications, Advantages

What is Agrobacterium? Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Transfer Factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Transfer Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is a widely used technique for introducing foreign DNA into plants. However, successful gene transfer depends on several factors, including: Why transform plants using Agrobacterium? Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is a preferred method for transforming plants for several reasons: Overall, Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is a … Read more

Organic Waste Recycling – Definition, Characteristics, Methods, Steps, Significance

Organic Waste Recycling - Definition, Characteristics, Methods, Steps, Significance

Organic waste adds to greenhouse gas emissions, soil and water contamination, and other environmental problems. Composting, anaerobic digestion, and vermicomposting are among the methods that can be used to manage organic waste. What is Organic waste? Organic waste refers to any waste material that originates from living organisms or their byproducts. This waste can be … Read more

Microbial Degradation of Lignin – Microorganisms, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms, Challenges

Microbial Degradation of Lignin - Microorganisms, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms, Challenges

What is lignin? Structure of lignin Biological function of lignin Factors affecting lignin degradation The degradation of lignin is influenced by a variety of factors. Some of the important factors that affect lignin degradation are: Lignin-degradating Microorganisms The biological breakdown of lignin is an extremely crucial component of the intricate carbon and oxygen cycle that … Read more

Microbial degradation of cellulose – Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms

Microbial degradation of cellulose - Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms

What is cellulose? (C6H10O5)n Cellulose Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass 162.1406 g/mol Density 1.5 g/cm³ Appears White powder Melting Point 260–270 °C Properties of cellulose Structure of cellulose Commercial applications of cellulose What are cellulases? Factors affecting cellulose degradation Microorganisms involved in cellulose degradation/cellulolytic microorganisms Cellulose degradation is primarily carried out by cellulolytic microorganisms, which are … Read more

Phyllosphere Microorganisms – Examples, Factors, Effects

Phyllosphere Microorganisms - Examples, Factors, Effects

In microbiology, the phyllosphere is the complete above-ground plant surface seen as a microorganism habitat. Other subdivisions of the phyllosphere include the caulosphere (stems), phylloplane (leaves), anthosphere (flowers), and carposphere (roots) (fruits). The rhizosphere and laimosphere are the below-ground microbial habitats (i.e., the thin volume of soil surrounding root or subterranean stem surfaces). The majority … Read more

Soil Formation (Pedogenesis)- Definition, Factors, Process, Steps, Examples

Soil Formation (Pedogenesis)- Definition, Factors, Process, Steps, Examples

Definition of Soil Formation The process through which soil grows over time from weathered rock, organic matter, and other components in the environment is known as soil formation. This process involves the interaction of physical, chemical, and biological processes that transform basic materials into a complex, living environment that supports the growth of plants and … Read more

Microbial degradation of hemicellulose – Definition, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms

Microbial degradation of hemicellulose - Definition, Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms

Hemicellulose is a complex carbohydrate that is found in plant cell walls. It is a heterogeneous mixture of polysaccharides comprising, among others, xyloglucans, xylans, and glucomannans. In contrast to cellulose, which consists of long chains of glucose molecules, hemicellulose is composed of a variety of sugar molecules, including xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, and glucuronic acid. … Read more

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