Botany Notes

What is Vernalization? Definition of Vernalization Vernalization is the process by which exposure to prolonged cold temperatures induces flowering in plants, ensuring they bloom in favorable conditions, typically after winter. Types of Vernalization Vernalization can be categorized into two primary types, each influencing flowering in distinct ways: Mechanism of Vernalization  Vernalization involves a series of … Read more

What is Photoperiodism? Classification of plants based on Photoperiodism Plants are classified into several categories based on their response to the length of light and dark periods. These categories reflect how different species time their flowering and growth in accordance with seasonal day-length variations. The primary classifications include: Photoperiodic Induction Photoperiodic induction refers to the … Read more

What is Phytochrome? Structure of Phytochrome Phytochrome is a complex protein pigment that plays a crucial role in plant photoreception and signaling. Here are the key aspects of its structure: Types of Phytochrome Phytochromes are classified into different types based on their genetic encoding and functional roles in plants. The main types of phytochrome include: … Read more

Translocation in phloem refers to the process by which photoassimilates, primarily sugars, are transported over long distances within plants. This vital function occurs within the phloem, a type of vascular tissue responsible for distributing the products of photosynthesis from the sites of production to various sinks throughout the plant. The primary photosynthate transported by phloem … Read more

The transport of ions across the cell membrane is a fundamental process necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The plasma membrane, acting as a selectively permeable barrier, allows certain substances to enter or leave the cell, ensuring proper balance between the intracellular and extracellular environments. This selectivity is crucial for the regulation of essential molecules such … Read more

What is Mineral Nutrition? Criteria for Essential Minerals in Plants The following points outline the criteria used to determine the essentiality of an element: Criteria for Determining Essential Elements Types of Essential Nutrients Below are the primary types of essential nutrients: Essential Mineral Elements in Plants Below is a detailed explanation of these categories and … Read more

What are Plant-water Relations? Importance of water to plants Properties of Water Property Value and Units Cohesive Strength >25 MPa Surface Tension 0.073 N m⁻¹ at 20°C Viscosity 0.0018 Pa s at 0°C 0.0010 Pa s at 20°C Diffusion Coefficient of Small Solutes ∼1×10⁻⁹ m² s⁻¹ Molar Volume (Pure Water at 20°C) 1.81×10⁻⁵ m³ mol⁻¹ … Read more