Sourav Pan

Academic Writer, Microbiology Specialist | M.Sc. Microbiology, Calcutta University, Founder of Biologynotesonline.com

Sourav is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Master’s degree in Microbiology from Calcutta University and has over 5 years of experience in academic writing, life science content creation. His content reflects hands-on lab expertise, deep subject knowledge, and a strong passion for simplifying biology for students. Whether it’s genetics, microscopy, or metabolic pathways — Sourav explains it in a way that’s accurate, exam-focused, and easy to remember. He regularly updates and fact-checks all the material published on this site, ensuring students get trustworthy and updated biology notes with references to real scientific sources.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus Food Poisoning – Gastroenteritis

• Published on March 27, 2024 • 16 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Vibrio parahaemolyticus Food Poisoning? Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning is a type of acute gastroenteritis caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood products contaminated with the bacterium. Here is information about Vibrio parahaemolyticus food poisoning: Characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a bacterium with distinct characteristics that contribute to its physiology and … Read more

What are the Pathotypes of E. coli? – ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, EAEC, EIEC, DAEC

• Published on March 27, 2024 • 18 min readby Sourav Pan

Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as E. coli, is a type of Gram-negative bacterium. It is facultative anaerobic, meaning it can survive in environments with or without oxygen, and has a rod-shaped morphology. E. coli is predominantly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms, including humans (endotherms). Human strains of E. coli can be … Read more

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) – Diseases, Toxins, Mode of Actions, Transmission

• Last Updated March 28, 2024 • 0 revisions • 22 min readby Sourav Pan

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are a group of strains of Escherichia coli that have been associated with diarrheal illnesses. The understanding of EPEC has evolved over time with the discovery of different mechanisms of pathogenesis. Here is a summary of the key points about EPEC: Advancements in techniques and a better … Read more

Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) – Disease, Pathogenesis, Treatment, Diagnosis

• Published on March 27, 2024 • 16 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)? Disease Caused by Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) Pathogenesis Mechanism of Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) The pathogenesis of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) involves several stages and mechanisms. EAEC is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food and water sources. The pathogenesis of EAEC is a complex process … Read more

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)

• Last Updated March 28, 2024 • 0 revisions • 23 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC)? Virulence factors Virulence factors are key components that contribute to the pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Here are some important virulence factors associated with STEC: These virulence factors play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of STEC infections, contributing to the colonization and damage of the intestinal … Read more

Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) – Transmission, Disease, Pathogenesis, Treatment

• Published on March 27, 2024 • 20 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)? Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC) is a pathogenic bacteria that shares similarities with Shigella, a bacteria known to cause shigellosis. EIEC infections lead to a syndrome that closely resembles shigellosis, characterized by severe diarrhea and high fever. Unlike other types of E. coli, EIEC is highly invasive and enters intestinal … Read more

Terrestrial Ecosystem – Definition, Types, Examples

• Published on March 24, 2024 • 13 min readby Sourav Pan

Definition of Terrestrial Ecosystem Features of Terrestrial Ecosystem The terrestrial ecosystem has the following characteristics: Types Of Terrestrial Ecosystems Different types of terrestrial ecosystems are widely dispersed throughout the geological zones. They consist of: 1. Desert Ecosystem 2. Forest Ecosystem Types of forest Ecosystem According to climate and tree type, they are divided into the … Read more

Aquatic Ecosystem – Definition, Types, Examples

• Published on March 24, 2024 • 15 min readby Sourav Pan

What is the Aquatic Ecosystem? Features of Aquatic Ecosystem Detailed characteristics of the aquatic ecosystem are depicted in the graphic below — Types of Aquatic Ecosystem There are two types of Aquatic Ecosystems, including; 1. Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystem a. Lotic Ecosystems b. Lentic Ecosystems c. Wetlands 2. Marine Aquatic Ecosystem a. Ocean Ecosystems b. Coastal … Read more

Food Chain – Definition, Types, Parts, Examples

• Published on March 24, 2024 • 16 min readby Sourav Pan

What is a Food Chain? A food chain refers to the sequence of events in an ecosystem in which one living organism consumes another, which is then consumed by a larger organism. A food chain is the movement of nutrients and energy from one creature to another at different trophic levels. Features of Food Chain … Read more

Energy Flow in Ecosystem

• Published on March 24, 2024 • 11 min readby Sourav Pan

Energy Flow Energy Flow in Ecosystem Law of Thermodynamics in the Ecosystem Food Chain In the ecosystem, there are basically three different kinds of food chains. In nature, we mostly look at the food web because many living things eat both plants and animals. So, they live in more than one trophic level. Producers are … Read more