Sourav Pan

Academic Writer, Microbiology Specialist | M.Sc. Microbiology, Calcutta University, Founder of Biologynotesonline.com

Sourav is the founder and sole author of Biology Notes Online. He holds a Master’s degree in Microbiology from Calcutta University and has over 5 years of experience in academic writing, life science content creation. His content reflects hands-on lab expertise, deep subject knowledge, and a strong passion for simplifying biology for students. Whether it’s genetics, microscopy, or metabolic pathways — Sourav explains it in a way that’s accurate, exam-focused, and easy to remember. He regularly updates and fact-checks all the material published on this site, ensuring students get trustworthy and updated biology notes with references to real scientific sources.

Alkaline Phosphatase Test of Milk – Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses

• Published on December 16, 2025 • 18 min readby Sourav Pan

Alkaline Phosphatase Test of Milk- Determination of Phosphatase Activity of Milk

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme that is naturally found within all the raw milks that is utilized to determine the quality of pasteurization of milk. A complete pasteurization process can deactivate the enzyme below levels that can be detected by traditional methods. Because the stability of the heat of ALP is higher than the stability of pathogens that could be found in milk, it serves as a metric of security. However, failure for detection of ALP activity is not a mean an item is safe from pathogens.

Biochemical Test of Providencia stuartii

• Published on December 16, 2025 • 5 min readby Sourav Pan

The biochemical test of Providencia stuartii refers to the group of laboratory tests that are used to identify this bacterium on the basis of its metabolic and enzymatic activities. It is a Gram-negative rod shaped facultative anaerobic organism belonging to the family Morganellaceae. In clinical microbiology these tests is carried out to differentiate Providencia stuartii … Read more

Carbohydrate Fermentation Test – Sugar Fermentation Test

• Published on December 16, 2025 • 17 min readby Sourav Pan

The carbohydrate fermentation test can be used to determine if bacteria are able to ferment a certain carbohydrate.
It is a test to determine any presence of acids or gas resulting from carbohydrate fermentation.

IMViC Test – Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses, Examples

• Published on December 15, 2025 • 25 min readby Sourav Pan

Operating Procedure of Fluorescence spectroscopy

What is IMViC test? The IMViC test is a group of biochemical tests which is used for the identification and differentiation of bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is mainly used to distinguish fecal coliform bacteria from non-fecal coliform bacteria. The term IMViC is an acronym which stands for Indole, Methyl Red, Voges–Proskauer and … Read more

Iodine Test – Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses

• Published on December 15, 2025 • 11 min readby Sourav Pan

Iodine Test - Iodine test for starch Principle, Procedure, Result, Uses

Iodine testing is a chemical test that distinguishes mono- or diaccharides from polysaccharides such as amylase, glycogen, and dextrin. Starch-iodine is a variant of this test. It’s used to determine if there is glucose in the leaves.

Locomotion of Fish – Types, Mechanism, Examples

• Published on December 15, 2025 • 15 min readby Sourav Pan

Fish locomotion is referred to as the movement of fish in water with the help of body muscles and fins. It is the process by which fish generate force against water to move from one place to another. This movement is carried out mainly for feeding, escaping from predators and migration. It is controlled by … Read more

Speciation – Definition, Causes, Types, Process

• Published on December 14, 2025 • 38 min readby Sourav Pan

What is Speciation? Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new species are formed from a pre-existing species. It is the process where a single ancestral population is gradually divided into two or more distinct species. This process occurs when population of a species becomes isolated from each other and the gene flow between them … Read more

Eggs – Types, Structure, Egg Membranes, Examples

• Published on December 14, 2025 • 17 min readby Sourav Pan

An egg is a biological structure which contains the female gamete and after fertilization it carries the developing embryo. It is an organic vessel that provides protection and nourishment to the embryo till hatching or birth. The major internal component of egg is yolk (vitellin) which acts as reserve food material and supplying energy for … Read more

Basidiomycetes – Life cycle, Characteristics, Significance, Mycelium and Examples

• Published on December 14, 2025 • 21 min readby Sourav Pan

Basidiomycetes Life cycle, Characters, Significance, Mycelium

Basidiomycetes are harmful as well as useful. Their attack foods and ornamental plants, cause many different diseases including seedling diseases, wood rots, root and stem rots, seed diseases (smuts), and rusts, on the other hand, it used as humans foods.

Phylum Nemathelminthes – Anatomy, Morphology, Characteristics, Classification

• Published on December 13, 2025 • 17 min readby Sourav Pan

Phylum Nemathelminthes - Definition, General Characteristics, Classification

Phylum Nemathelminthes is a group of worm-like animals which was earlier used in classification and also referred to as Aschelminthes. It includes unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic animals. These organisms are elongated and cylindrical in shape and the body is tapering at both ends. Because of this shape they are commonly called roundworms or threadworms. … Read more