Sourav Pan
0 revisions 11 min read 
Ever wondered how your cells turn the food you eat into usable energy? Let’s break down the Krebs cycle—a cornerstone of cellular respiration—and answer the questions you’ve been searching for. Also known as the citric acid cycle, this process is a series of chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients. But where does this critical … Read more
0 revisions 20 min read 
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), caused by the pathogen Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus, is a devastating threat to global agriculture, particularly affecting crops like tomatoes, peppers, and potatoes. Recognized by its scientific name in research, this virus spreads rapidly through thrips, its primary insect vector, making tomato spotted wilt virus transmission a major concern for farmers. Early identification of tomato spotted wilt virus … Read more
15 min read 
Multiphoton microscopy is a cutting-edge imaging technique widely used in biology and medicine to study living tissues with minimal harm. Instead of relying on single high-energy photons like conventional microscopes, this method harnesses multiple low-energy photons that act together to produce a fluorescent signal. The trick lies in timing—when these photons strike a molecule simultaneously, … Read more
15 min read 
Membranes are thin, flexible layers that act like barriers or filters, separating different spaces or substances while allowing certain things to pass through. Think of them as sheets or films—some natural, others human-made. In living things, cell membranes are crucial. They wrap around cells, controlling what enters or exits, like nutrients in and waste out. … Read more
8 min read 
A gland is a part of the body that makes and releases substances like hormones, enzymes, or fluids to help the body function. Think of it like a tiny factory—some glands send their products directly into the bloodstream to control things like growth, energy, or mood (these are called endocrine glands, like the thyroid or … Read more
0 revisions 32 min read 
What are Tissues? Definition of Tissues Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions in an organism. They serve as the structural and functional units that form organs, playing critical roles in various biological processes. Characteristics of Tissues Location of Tissues Formation of Tissues The formation of tissues, known as … Read more
31 min read 
A human cell is the basic unit that makes up your body, kind of like tiny rooms in a massive mansion working together to keep everything running. Picture it as a microscopic bubble with a flexible outer layer—the membrane—that decides what enters or exits. Inside, there’s a gooey mix called cytoplasm, packed with tiny machines … Read more
8 min read 
The normal flora, or microbiota, in the mouth and gut refers to the community of tiny organisms—like bacteria, fungi, and viruses—that naturally live in these areas without causing harm. In the mouth, hundreds of species thrive, especially in warm, moist spots like the tongue, teeth, and gums. Common bacteria include Streptococcus, which helps break down food … Read more
1 revisions 5 min read 
typical flora of skin, hair, and nails is the stable community of microorganisms—mostly bacteria and fungus—that live on the outside surfaces of the human body without causing damage under typical circumstances. These communities, sometimes referred to as the skin microbiome, occupy ecological niches, fight against infections, and generate molecules that stop microbial invasion, therefore safeguarding … Read more
0 revisions 9 min read 
What is Eye and Ear Microbiota (Microbiome) or Normal Flora of Eye & Ear? Normal Flora of the Ear Microorganism Type Category Staphylococcus spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Alloiococcus otitis Gram-positive Bacteria Corynebacterium spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Microbacterium spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Bacillus spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Arthrobacter spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Turicella otitidis Gram-positive Bacteria Micrococcus spp. Gram-positive Bacteria Moraxella … Read more