Sourav Pan - Biology Notes Online

Gymnosperms – Characteristics, Life Cycle, Examples, Economic Importance

Last Updated May 3, 2025 0 revisions 27 min readby Sourav Pan

Gymnosperms - Characteristics, Life Cycle, Examples, Importance

Curious about gymnosperms and their role in the plant kingdom? Whether you’re wondering, “Is a pine tree a gymnosperm?” or “What’s the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?”, this guide unlocks the answers. Gymnosperms (from the Greek for “naked seeds”) are a group of seed-producing plants that include conifers, cycads, and ginkgos. Unlike angiosperms (flowering plants like the petunia, which is an angiosperm), gymnosperms do not produce … Read more

Krebs Cycle – Definition, Steps, Products, Regulation

Last Updated April 21, 2025 0 revisions 11 min readby Sourav Pan

Ever wondered how your cells turn the food you eat into usable energy? Let’s break down the Krebs cycle—a cornerstone of cellular respiration—and answer the questions you’ve been searching for. Also known as the citric acid cycle, this process is a series of chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients. But where does this critical … Read more

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) – Life Cycle, Symptoms, Vector, Management

Last Updated April 16, 2025 0 revisions 20 min readby Sourav Pan

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) - Structure, Symptoms, Management

Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), caused by the pathogen Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus, is a devastating threat to global agriculture, particularly affecting crops like tomatoes, peppers, and potatoes. Recognized by its scientific name in research, this virus spreads rapidly through thrips, its primary insect vector, making tomato spotted wilt virus transmission a major concern for farmers. Early identification of tomato spotted wilt virus … Read more

Multiphoton Microscopy – Principle, Parts, Steps, Applications

Published on April 6, 2025 15 min readby Sourav Pan

Multiphoton microscopy is a cutting-edge imaging technique widely used in biology and medicine to study living tissues with minimal harm. Instead of relying on single high-energy photons like conventional microscopes, this method harnesses multiple low-energy photons that act together to produce a fluorescent signal. The trick lies in timing—when these photons strike a molecule simultaneously, … Read more

Biological Membrane – Classification, Structure, Functions

Published on April 3, 2025 15 min readby Sourav Pan

Membranes are thin, flexible layers that act like barriers or filters, separating different spaces or substances while allowing certain things to pass through. Think of them as sheets or films—some natural, others human-made. In living things, cell membranes are crucial. They wrap around cells, controlling what enters or exits, like nutrients in and waste out. … Read more

Glands – Classification, Structure, Functions, Examples

Published on April 1, 2025 8 min readby Sourav Pan

A gland is a part of the body that makes and releases substances like hormones, enzymes, or fluids to help the body function. Think of it like a tiny factory—some glands send their products directly into the bloodstream to control things like growth, energy, or mood (these are called endocrine glands, like the thyroid or … Read more

Tissues – Definition, Types, Structure, Examples

Last Updated April 1, 2025 0 revisions 32 min readby Sourav Pan

What are Tissues? Definition of Tissues Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform specific functions in an organism. They serve as the structural and functional units that form organs, playing critical roles in various biological processes. Characteristics of Tissues Location of Tissues Formation of Tissues The formation of tissues, known as … Read more

Human Cell Structure and Functions

Published on March 27, 2025 31 min readby Sourav Pan

A human cell is the basic unit that makes up your body, kind of like tiny rooms in a massive mansion working together to keep everything running. Picture it as a microscopic bubble with a flexible outer layer—the membrane—that decides what enters or exits. Inside, there’s a gooey mix called cytoplasm, packed with tiny machines … Read more

Normal Flora of Mouth and Gastrointestinal Tract

Published on March 25, 2025 8 min readby Sourav Pan

The normal flora, or microbiota, in the mouth and gut refers to the community of tiny organisms—like bacteria, fungi, and viruses—that naturally live in these areas without causing harm. In the mouth, hundreds of species thrive, especially in warm, moist spots like the tongue, teeth, and gums. Common bacteria include Streptococcus, which helps break down food … Read more

Human Skin Microbiome – Normal Flora of Skin, Hair, and Nail

Last Updated May 3, 2025 0 revisions 5 min readby Sourav Pan

typical flora of skin, hair, and nails is the stable community of microorganisms—mostly bacteria and fungus—that live on the outside surfaces of the human body without causing damage under typical circumstances. These communities, sometimes referred to as the skin microbiome, occupy ecological niches, fight against infections, and generate molecules that stop microbial invasion, therefore safeguarding … Read more