BNO Team 
8 min read 
Diagnosis of viral infections Importance of Viral Diagnosis The Viral diagnosis will be particularly helpful in different clinical situations such as; Diagnosis Methods 1. The Direct Examination of Specimen The direct method is accomplished by these following processes; 2. Indirect Method or cell cultures (Virus Isolation) The Cytopathic Effect (CPE) is present in both HSV … Read more
11 min read 
What is Cysticercosis? Clinical manifestations of Cysticercosis Cysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Taenia solium. The clinical manifestations of cysticercosis depend on the location of the cysticerci (larval stage) within the body. It’s worth noting that not all patients with cysticercosis will experience symptoms. Asymptomatic cysticercosis is often … Read more
31 min read 
Fasciola hepatica – Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda Subclass Digenea Order Echinostomida Genus Fasciola Species hepatica Fasciola hepatica General Characteristics Habitat of Fasciola hepatica Hosts of Fasciola hepatica History and distribution of Fasciola hepatica Epidemiology of Fasciola hepatica Morphology of Fasciola hepatica/Structure of Fasciola Hepatica Shape, Size and Colour External Morphology Internal Morphology The architecture of F. hepatica’s body … Read more
13 min read
Fasciola Hepatica Life Cycle of Fasciola Hepatica Fasciola hepatica completes its life cycle in two hosts. The definitive or primary host is a sheep or cow, while the intermediate or secondary host is a small of the genus Limnaea. Its life cycle consists of a number of larval stages that reproduce asexually (polyembryony). Copulation, Fertilization … Read more
20 min read 
Strongyloides stercoralis Distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis Habitat of Strongyloides stercoralis Morphology of Strongyloides stercoralis There are two different species of Strongyloides stercolaris: parasitic and free-living. The females are easily found during the parasite phase, but not the males. Parasitic female Parasitic males Eggs Larva The larva of S. Stercoratis is of two types: 1. Rhabditiform larva (first stage larva) 2. … Read more
0 revisions 12 min read 
What is Foodborne Giardiasis? Characteristics of Giardia Giardia is a genus of microscopic, single-celled parasites that can cause the infection known as giardiasis. Here are some characteristics of Giardia: Overall, Giardia is a highly adaptable and resilient parasite that can cause a range of symptoms in humans and animals. By practicing good hygiene and food safety … Read more
0 revisions 17 min read 
Candidiasis, also known as a yeast infection, is a fungal infection caused by a group of yeasts called Candida. Candida is a normal part of the human microbiota and is commonly found in the mouth, gut, and female genital tract. However, when there is an overgrowth of Candida, it can cause infection. Candidiasis can occur … Read more
0 revisions 17 min read 
Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae Genus: Fusarium Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi belonging to the hyphomycetes group, which is extensively distributed in soil and closely associated with plants. The majority of species are saprobes and are relatively abundant constituents of the soil microbiome. Certain species generate mycotoxins … Read more
0 revisions 15 min read 
Coccidioides is a genus of dimorphic fungi that exist as both mycelia and spherules. Mycelia and spherules are both asexual structures. Sexual coccidiosis has not been identified. The results of a molecular analysis indicate that Coccidioides is related to ascomycetes such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. There are two recognized taxa within the genus … Read more
0 revisions 17 min read 
Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Ajellomycetaceae Genus: Blastomyces Species: B. dermatitidis Morphology of Blastomyces dermatitidis Blastomyces dermatitidis is a dimorphic fungus that causes blastomycosis, a fungal infection in humans and animals. The fungus exists in two different morphological forms, the yeast phase, and the mold phase. Overall, the morphology of Blastomyces dermatitidis … Read more