Welcome to Biology Notes Online! We are the BNO Team, dedicated to providing high-quality, accessible biology study notes for students and teachers alike. Our goal is to simplify complex biological concepts and present them in an easy-to-understand format, entirely free of charge. Whether you're preparing for exams, teaching a class, or simply passionate about biology, our comprehensive notes are designed to support your learning and teaching journey.
Fasciola hepatica – Classification Kingdom Animalia Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda Subclass Digenea Order Echinostomida Genus Fasciola Species hepatica Fasciola hepatica General Characteristics Habitat of Fasciola hepatica Hosts of Fasciola hepatica History and distribution of Fasciola hepatica Epidemiology of Fasciola hepatica Morphology of Fasciola hepatica/Structure of Fasciola Hepatica Shape, Size and Colour External Morphology Internal Morphology The architecture of F. hepatica’s body … Read more
Fasciola Hepatica Life Cycle of Fasciola Hepatica Fasciola hepatica completes its life cycle in two hosts. The definitive or primary host is a sheep or cow, while the intermediate or secondary host is a small of the genus Limnaea. Its life cycle consists of a number of larval stages that reproduce asexually (polyembryony). Copulation, Fertilization … Read more
Strongyloides stercoralis Distribution of Strongyloides stercoralis Habitat of Strongyloides stercoralis Morphology of Strongyloides stercoralis There are two different species of Strongyloides stercolaris: parasitic and free-living. The females are easily found during the parasite phase, but not the males. Parasitic female Parasitic males Eggs Larva The larva of S. Stercoratis is of two types: 1. Rhabditiform larva (first stage larva) 2. … Read more
What is Foodborne Giardiasis? Characteristics of Giardia Giardia is a genus of microscopic, single-celled parasites that can cause the infection known as giardiasis. Here are some characteristics of Giardia: Overall, Giardia is a highly adaptable and resilient parasite that can cause a range of symptoms in humans and animals. By practicing good hygiene and food safety … Read more
Candidiasis, also known as a yeast infection, is a fungal infection caused by a group of yeasts called Candida. Candida is a normal part of the human microbiota and is commonly found in the mouth, gut, and female genital tract. However, when there is an overgrowth of Candida, it can cause infection. Candidiasis can occur … Read more
Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae Genus: Fusarium Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi belonging to the hyphomycetes group, which is extensively distributed in soil and closely associated with plants. The majority of species are saprobes and are relatively abundant constituents of the soil microbiome. Certain species generate mycotoxins … Read more
Coccidioides is a genus of dimorphic fungi that exist as both mycelia and spherules. Mycelia and spherules are both asexual structures. Sexual coccidiosis has not been identified. The results of a molecular analysis indicate that Coccidioides is related to ascomycetes such as Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. There are two recognized taxa within the genus … Read more
Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Eurotiomycetes Order: Onygenales Family: Ajellomycetaceae Genus: Blastomyces Species: B. dermatitidis Morphology of Blastomyces dermatitidis Blastomyces dermatitidis is a dimorphic fungus that causes blastomycosis, a fungal infection in humans and animals. The fungus exists in two different morphological forms, the yeast phase, and the mold phase. Overall, the morphology of Blastomyces dermatitidis … Read more
What is Loa loa? Epidemiology of Loiasis Morphology of Loa loa Loa loa Life Cycle The life cycle of Loa loa is a complex process involving two hosts: humans as the definitive host and Chrysops flies as the intermediate host. The cycle begins with the transmission of the parasite through the bite of an infected … Read more
What is Entamoeba Histolytica? Definition of Entamoeba Histolytica Entamoeba histolytica is a single-celled, anaerobic parasitic organism that causes amoebiasis, a disease characterized by intestinal and sometimes extraintestinal infections. It exists in both active (trophozoite) and dormant (cyst) forms, the latter being responsible for environmental survival and transmission of the infection, particularly in tropical regions. The … Read more
⚠️
Click on your ad blocker icon in your browser's toolbar
Select "Pause" or "Disable" for this website
Refresh the page if it doesn't automatically reload
31 min read 
