Fehling’s Test – Principle, Procedure, Result
5 min read 
This test also can differentiate between ketone functional groups and water-soluble carbohydrates.
BNO Team
5 min read
Oxidase Test – Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Application
9 min read 
The oxidase test is a biochemical reaction that assays for the presence of cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme sometimes called indophenol oxidase. In the presence of an organism that contains the cytochrome oxidase enzyme, the reduced colorless reagent becomes an oxidized colored product .
Tollens’ Test Definition, Principle, Procedure, Result, Application.
4 min read 
It is a type of biochemical test which is used to distinguish reducing sugars from non-reducing sugars. This biochemical test is also known as the silver mirror test based on the end product of this test. This test was also used to differentiate between aldehydes and ketones through routine qualitative organic analysis.
Biuret Test For Protein Principle, Procedure, Result, Application.
0 revisions 20 min read 
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. They are complex organic compounds containing nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Proteins are abundant in our everyday food e.g. egg, soya bean, pulses, fish, milk etc.
CAMP Test – Principle, Procedure, Result
7 min read 
CAMP Test was first discovered by four researchers Christie, Atkins, Munch, and Peterson in 1944, that’s why this test is also known as Christie–Atkins–Munch-Peterson test.
Reverse CAMP test Principle, Procedure, Result
2 min read 
In this method, the Group B Streptococcus (CAMP test positive) is streaked in the center of sheep blood agar, and Clostridium perfringens is streaked perpendicular to it.
Gelatin Hydrolysis Test – Purpose, Principle, Procedure, Result.
12 min read 
The gelatin proteins derived from the animal connective tissue, collagen. Gelatin is produced when collagen is boiled in water. A gelatin hydrolysis test is used to detects the presence of gelatinases. Gelatinases are extracellularly secreted by some bacteria which hydrolyze or digest gelatin.
Simmons citrate agar test – Procedure, Principle, Result, Example.
4 min read 
About Simmons citrate agar test Simmons citrate agar test helps in detection of citrate utilizing bacteria. In this test, a specific medium is used called Simmons’ citrate agar which helps to differentiate among various Gram-negative enteric bacilli. Simmons’ citrate agar is a type of selective and differential medium. Which is used for the study of … Read more
Total White Blood Cell (WBC) Count – Total Leucocyte Count (TLC)
17 min read 
The White Blood Cells (WBCs) also known as Leucocytes are round nucleated cells in blood, that provide protection against foreign invaders. There are many types of White Blood cells found in blood, and identified as Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils & Basophils) and Agranulocytes (Monocytes and Lymphocytes). The size of White Blood Cells can vary between 10 … Read more
Centrifuge Blood Sample – Purpose, Steps, Techniques
10 min read 
What are the components of blood? Blood is a fluid tissue that circulates throughout the body and performs a number of important functions. It is made up of several components, including cells and plasma. Cells: Plasma: Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood that carries the cells and other substances throughout the body. It … Read more