BNO Team 
19 min read 
What is Ethanol? What is Ethanol (Alcohol) Fermentation? Ethanol Formula The molecular formula for ethanol is C2H6O, which indicates that it contains two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. The hydroxyl group (-OH) at the end of the two-carbon chain is denoted by the structural formula for ethanol, C2H5OH. Properties of Ethanol Ethanol, commonly known … Read more
10 min read 
In 1929, Alexander Flemming found that the mould Penicillium notatum secreted penicillin. However, the lytic agent appeared to be too unstable to be useful. In 1939, however, when Chain refined the active ingredient, termed penicillin, it proved to be extraordinarily powerful against some illnesses. Penicillin is not a single chemical entity, but rather a series … Read more
12 min read 
Enzyme Immobilization Soluble Enzyme + Substrate———– Product (single time usage of enzyme) Immobilized Enzyme + Substrate———Product (Repeated usage of enzyme) A number of essential considerations must be made when immobilising an enzyme. What is a Support Matrix? It is a substance that facilitates the entrapment of an enzyme. For effective immobilization, a support matrix must … Read more
22 min read 
What is Downstream processing? Downstream processing refers to the procedures required to recover and purify fermentation-produced products. In the step of downstream processing, particles, mostly cells, are separated from the liquid using filtration, centrifugation, and flocculation. Steps Of Downstream Processing Five stages in downstream processing after Fermentation: Stage 1: Solid-Liquid Separation 1. Flotation 2. Flocculation … Read more
22 min read 
What is Citric Acid? Properties of Citric Acid – C6H8O7 C6H8O7 Citric Acid Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass 192.124 g/mol Density 1.66 g/cm³ Boiling Point 310 °C Melting Point 153 °C Citric Acid structure – C6H8O7 Which Microorganism is used for Citric Acid Production? Numerous microorganisms are utilised in the production of citric acid. There are … Read more
11 min read 
Lactic acid is manufactured commercially by both synthetic and fermentation processes. It is made synthetically in Japan and the United States. European manufacturers, on the other hand, make lactic acid by fermentation. European producers account for between 28,000 and 30,000 tonnes per year of the world’s estimated lactic acid production capacity. Pharmaceutical industries (e.g. iron … Read more
14 min read 
Photo bioreactor is an innovative type of reactor that has the advantages of biofilm reactors and photobioreactors that can be utilized to cultivate microalgae in wastewater treatment facilities (WWTPs). The major benefit of this type of system is its capacity to use sunlight as a source of energy for photosynthesis, which reduces the requirement for carbon from external sources.
40 min read 
Sources of industrially significant microorganisms and methods for isolating, preserving, and maintaining them, as well as strain improvement, A production strain is the most crucial factor for the success of any fermentation enterprise. Utilizing a producing strain with the following four traits is extremely desirable: 1. Screening Techniques Screening refers to the detection and isolation … Read more
6 min read 
Bioprocess engineering involves the design of, operation, management, and optimizing biochemical processes that involve different biological pathways, or reactions that are mediated through living cells from plants, animals and microorganisms as well as enzymes in controlled conditions to facilitate the efficient biotransformation process of raw materials into a variety of goods at the appropriate scale.
9 min read 
The lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) wet mount preparation is the most used method for staining and viewing fungus, and its preparation is straightforward. The formulation contains the following ingredients: As a mounting medium and staining agent, lactophenol cotton blue solution is used to prepare slides for microscopic study of fungus. Elements of fungi are dyed … Read more